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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit task,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。不能作为科学依据。,Teaching tasks,A Survey Activity,Identifying Difference:Family structure,Reading II,Sharing Knowledge:Confucian Cultural Patterns,1/21,Please list the top best friends for you.Why do you list them on the top three?,What kind of people can be your friends?,How do you usually contact your friends?,When there is breach between you and your friend,how would you do?,Do you want to make friends with foreigners?What nationalities are your preferable?,Summary your opinion on friendship in peoples life.,Group work,Survey activity,2/21,Identifying Difference:Family Structure,Chinese,Respect;elders;duty;repay;sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age,Filipinos,dedicated to helping their children;sacrifice;children are devoted to their parents;send large parts of their salary home to their parents,Vietnamese,The family consists of people currently alive as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn;family considerations,not individual desires;family shame or pride;to honor elderly people,and to fear foreigners;actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.,3/21,Identifying Difference:Family Structure,Japanese,in traditional Japanese Fathers are stern and aloof;a total stranger;strong emotional and communication barrier between children and fathers,Latin Americans,The family is the number one priority.They believe family members must help each other.Children respect authority and are given many responsibilities at home.the males and older people being the most important.,The United States,The family is not a usual frame of reference for decisions in U.S.mainstream culture.Family connections are not so important to most people.More important is a persons own individual“track record”of personal achievement.,4/21,1.,What are the five orientations according to Kluckholm model?,Human nature;relationship of man to nature;sense of time;activity;social relationship,2.In respect to human nature,what is middle-class/mainstream Americans orientation?,In respect to human nature,middle-class/mainstream Americans are generally,optimistic,choosing to believe the best about a person until that person proves otherwise.Average Americans are basically,good,.Americans generally believe that in order to bring out the basic goodness in human beings all you have to do is,change the negative social conditions,in which they exist.,Unit 3,Comparing and Contrasting Cultures,5/21,3.What about the Kluckhohns opinion on Americans “human nature”?,They place Americans in the left-hand column(basically evil),citing the Christian belief in original,sin,.,4.How do todays American see human nature?,Good or evil,Americans in general believe humans and human society are ultimately,perfectible,if only enough effort is made in that direction.,5.How do American see“man-nature orientation”?,Americans see a clear separation between man and nature and man is clearly held to be,in charge,.,Americans subdue,dominate and control their natural environment,.,Comparing and contrasting cultures,6/21,6.How do Americans see“time orientation”?,Americans are dominated by a belief in progress.They are,future-oriented,.This implies,a strong task or goal orientation.“time is money”.,They have optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring.,7.How do Americans see“activity orientation”?,Americans are so action-oriented.They are hyperactive,“electric Englishman”.,They believe in keeping busy and productive at all times even on vacation.So Americans have become very,proficient at problem solving and decision making.,8.How do Americans see“social relationship”?,Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people.,Autonomous,:tnms,;children and adults make,decisions for themselves,develop their,own opinions,solve their won problems,have their own possessions,.,Friendly,informal,outgoing and extroverted,ekstruv:t,ekstrv:t,Americans,scorn rank and authority,.E.g.American bosses are called by their first names by their subordinates.Easily make friends.With a strong sense of,individuality,family ties in America are relatively,weak,the nuclear family,.,Case study 6,Comparing and contrasting cultures,7/21,Five orientations,Group work,Comparing and contrasting cultures,Human nature,Basically evil,Mixture of good&evil.Neither good nor evil,Basically good,Relationship of man to nature,Man subjugated by nature,Man in harmony with nature,Man the master of nature,Sense of time,Past-oriented,Present-oriented,Future-oriented,Activity,Being(stress on who you are),Growing(stress on self-developing),Doing(stress on what you do),Social relationship,Authoritarian,:,retrin,Group-oriented,individualistic,8/21,American orientation,Group work,Comparing and contrasting cultures,Human nature,Basically good(changeable),Relationship of man to nature,Man the master of nature,Sense of time,Future-oriented,Activity,Doing(stress on what you do),Social relationship,individualistic,9/21,Traditional cultures orientations,Group work,Comparing and contrasting cultures,Human nature,Basically evil(unchangeable),Mixture of good&evil(unchangeable),Relationship of man to nature,Man subjugated,sbdeit,-du-,by nature,Sense of time,Past-oriented,Activity,Being(stress on who you are),Social relationship,Authoritarian,10/21,Arab culture orientation,Group work,Comparing and contrasting cultures,Human nature,Neither good nor evil,(unchangeable),Relationship of man to nature,Man subjugated by nature,Man in harmony with nature,Sense of time,Past-oriented,Activity,Being(stress on who you are),Social relationship,Authoritarian,11/21,Japanese orientations,Group work,Comparing and contrasting cultures,Human nature,Mixture of good&evil,Relationship of man to nature,Man in harmony with nature,Sense of time,Past-oriented,Future-oriented,Activity,Growing(stress on self-developing),Doing(stress on what you do),Social relationship,Authoritarian,Group-oriented,12/21,13/21,14/21,苏格拉底（,?),；英译：,Socrates,；公元前,469,公元前,399,），著名,古希腊,思想家、,哲学家,，,教育家,，他和他学生,柏拉图,，以及柏拉图学生,亚里士多德,被并称为“古希腊三贤”，更被后人广泛认为是,西方哲学,奠基者。,苏格拉底教学生也从不给他们现成答案，而是用反问和反驳方法使学生在不知不觉中接收他思想影响。请看一个他和学生问答有趣例子。,学生：苏格拉底，请问什么是善行？,苏格拉底：偷窃、坑骗、把人当奴隶贩卖，这几个行为是善行还是恶行？,学生：是恶行。,苏格拉底：坑骗敌人是恶行吗？把俘虏来敌人卖作奴隶是恶行吗？,学生：这是善行。不过，我说是朋友而不是敌人。,苏格拉底：照你说，偷窃对朋友是恶行。不过，假如朋友要自杀，你偷窃了他准备用来自杀工具，这是恶行吗？,学生：是善行。,苏格拉底：你说对朋友行骗是恶行，可是，在战争中，军队统帅为了鼓舞士气，对士兵说，援军就要到了。但实际上并无援军，这种坑骗是恶行吗？,学生：这是善行。,15/21,最热烈爱情会有最冷漠结局。我们需要是越少，我们越近似神。想左右天下人，须先能左右自己。认识自己，方能认识人生。美是难,;,德性就是知识或：美德即知识，愚昧是罪恶之源,;,无知即罪恶 我平生只知道一件事，我为何是那么无知。这个世界上有两种人，一个是高兴猪，一个是痛苦人。做痛苦人，不做高兴猪。假如把世上每一个人痛苦放在一起，再让你去选择，你可能还是愿意选择自己原来那一份。男人活着全靠健忘，女人活着全靠切记。唯有理智最为可贵。我非常清楚地知道，我并没有智慧，不论大还是小都没有。教育是把我们内心勾引出来工具和方法 最有效教育方法不是告诉人们答案，而是向他们提问。要想向我学知识，你必须先有强烈求知欲望，就像你有强烈求生欲望一样。思想应该诞生在学生心里，教师仅仅应该像助产士那样办事。每个人身上都有太阳，主要是怎样让它发光。教育不是灌输，而是点燃火焰。问题是接生婆，它能帮助新思想诞生。我不是给人知识，而是使知识自己产生产婆。最优异人就是你自己 知道越多，才知知道越少。我知道自己无知，我知我无知。未经审阅生活是毫无价值 或：一个未经考查生活是不值得过 在多人之前，吾舌尤健。暗恋是世界上最漂亮爱情 不要靠馈赠来取得一个朋友 在这个世界上，除了阳光、空气、水和笑容，我们还需要什么呢！人能够犯错，不过不可犯同一个错。在你发怒时候，要紧闭你嘴，省得增加你怒气。假如我能忍受了自己老婆，也就能忍受任何人了,!,关于苏格拉底名言,16/21,Confucian cultural patterns,孔丘,（前,551,年,9,月,28,日,前,479,年,4,月,11,日,），字仲尼。排行老二，,汉族,人，,春秋时期,鲁国人。孔子是我国古代伟大思想家和教育家，理论政治家，,儒家学派,创始人，世界最著名文化名人之一。编撰了我国第一部,编年体,史书,春秋,。据相关记载，孔子出生于鲁国,陬邑,昌平乡（今,山东省曲阜,市东南,南辛镇,鲁源村）；孔子逝世时，享年,73,岁，葬于曲阜城北,泗水,之上，即今日孔林所在地。孔子言行思想主要载于,语录体,散文集,论语,及,先秦,和秦汉保留下,史记,孔子世家,。,以,孔,为,氏,，名丘，字,仲尼,。春秋时期,鲁国,陬邑昌平乡,(,今山东省,曲阜市,南辛镇,),人。家中排行第二。中国古代文学家，,思想家,，理论政治家，,教育家,，,社会活动家,，古文件整理家，,儒家,学派编撰人，被后人推崇为儒家学派创始人。相传曾修,诗,书,，订,礼,乐,，序,周易,，作,春秋,。他一生从事传道，授业，解惑，被中国人尊称“至圣先师，万世师表”。后人把孔子言行语录统计下来，作成,论语,。在天道观上，孔子不否定,天命,鬼神存在，但又对其持怀疑态度，主张“,敬鬼神而远之,”。孔子与,孟子,并称“,孔孟,”，他们思想并称为孔孟之道。孔子被尊为“,至圣,”“,素王,”，曾子则为宗圣。孟子为“,亚圣,”。他言行被他学生写成创世巨作,论语,。他还是世界最著名文化名人,。,17/21,Confucian cultural patterns,儒家思想之精华,1,思想基础,“,孝亲尊师”,儒家认为“孝亲尊师”是做人根本。,“身体发肤，受之父母。”“天地之行人为贵，人之行莫大于孝。”父母是生育我们恩人，要知恩报恩。,“,师严道尊，人伦表率，养我蒙正，教我嘉谟。”老师是生我们法身慧命恩人。人若没有智慧，与畜生无异。,2,关键思想,“,仁”,儒家思想，关键是“仁”。表达在人际关系上就是“仁者，爱人”，主张“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”，“己所不欲，勿施于人”，即时时处处把自己放在旁人同等地位上，推己及人，充分为他人着想，尊重他人意志和心愿，对自己不利事情不强加给他人，这种思想出发点是破除一切以自己意志为转移自我中心主义，所以含有普遍社会意义。表达在政治治理上，就是要“为政以德”，“节用爱人”，主张重视教养，改进民生，增强国力。,18/21,Confucian cultural patterns,3,立身之本，处世之道,“,诚”,诚信，是儒家所推崇处世标准。,”,言必信，行必果。”作为衡量个人品行优劣道德标准之一，已经成为中华民族传统美德。,以诚待人；要求我们要老实，态度要诚恳，讲话要坦诚。待人以诚，否定了人与人之间功利思想，是心与心交流，一定能在彼此间建立深厚情谊。假如有求于你，对你以诚，明日不求于你则弃之，长此以往，必成孤家寡人。所以，坚持以诚待人，萍水相逢可成知己，沦落天涯可觅知音；得意之时不冷落朋友，失意之日有贵人相助，唯有真心换真心，唯有真情换真情，才是处世之真谛。,总而言之，儒家思想之精华,仁、义、礼、智、信，此五常正是治疗现今人伦道德衰微，人情疏离，社会冲突一剂良药。,19/21,Confucian cultural patterns,不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。,士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。,不学礼，无以立。,三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。,知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。,敏而好学，不耻下问。,学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。,小不忍则乱大谋。,匹夫不可夺志也。,道不一样，不相为谋。,己所不欲，勿施于人。,温故而知新，可认为师矣。”,子曰：“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”译文 孔子说：“知道学习不如喜欢学习，喜欢学习不如以学习为快乐。”,子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”,子曰：“不在其位，不谋其政。”,子曰：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,子曰：“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。”,子曰：“智者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。”,子曰：“君子成人之美，不成人之恶。小人反是。”,20/21,Homework,1.writing:,(1)a comparison between American five orientations and other cultures orientation,(2)a comparison between Socrates and Confucian cultural patterns,2.intercultural insight,3.case study 10&12,4.unit 4 reading I,21/21,
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