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Click to edit Master title style,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,Click to edit Master title style,黄冈中学网校达州分校,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,必考点,第二部分 词法、句法、语法,主讲教师：孙佰华,第二讲 代词及 it 使用方法,1/28,代词考点,1.不定代词：(1)all,any,none,both,either,neither;(2)another,other,the other,others,the others;(3)复合不定代词：someone,anyone,everyone,no one;something,anything,everything,nothing.,2.it使用方法：,(1)it作实意代词，代替日期、时间、季节、距离；代替身份不明人，心目中人和事以及代替上文已提到或下文将要提到人、物或某种情况；代替指示代词this,that。,(2)it作引导词：作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词和从句；it用于强调句型。,3.替换词one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those使用方法。,4.人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格区分，反身代词则要注意和主语一致。,考点分析,2/28,代词种类,代词是代替名词词,按其意义、特征及其在句中作用分为：,人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词,等。,1.人称代词,1)人称代词人称、数和格，以下表所表示。,数,单数,复数,格,主格,宾格,主格,宾格,第一人称,I,me,we,us,第二人称,you,you,you,you,第三人称,he,him,her,it,they,them,3/28,2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作,宾语。如：,I,like table tennis.（作主语）,Do you know,him,?（作宾语）,3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：,-Who is knocking at the door?,-Its,me,.,4)人称代词在than之后与其它人或事物进行比较时，用主,格和宾格都能够。如：,He is older than,me,.,He is older than,I,am.,4/28,2.物主代词1)表示所相关系代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，以下表所表示。,数,人称,形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,单数,第一人称,my,mine,第二人称,your,yours,第三人称,his,his,her,hers,its,its,复数,第一人称,our,ours,第二人称,your,yours,第三人称,their,theirs,5/28,2)形容词性物主代词作用相当于形容词，在句中,可,作定语。比如：,Our,teacher is coming to see us.This is,her,pencil-box.,3)名词性物主代词作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。,Our school is here,and,theirs,is there.（作主语）,-Is this English-book,yours,?（作表语）,-No.,Mine,is in my bag.,(主语),Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished,yours,?（作宾语）,6/28,3.指示代词指示代词包含：this，that，these，those。,1)this和these普通用来指在时间或空间上较近事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远事物或人，比如：,This,is a pen and,that,is a pencil We are busy,these,days In,those,days the workers had a hard time,.,2)有时that和those指前面讲到过事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲到事物，比如：,I had a cold.,That,s why I didnt come.,What I want to say is,this,:,pronunciation is very important in learning English,3)有时为了防止重复提到名词，惯用that或those代替，比如：,Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as,those,made in Shanghai 4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。比如：,Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?,7/28,4.反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己等意义代词称为反身代词，也有些人称之为本身代词，其形式如表所表示。,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,单数,myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,复数,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,数,人称,8/28,反身代词能够在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。,1)作宾语，表示动作承受者就是动作发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。,He called himself a writer,2)作表语。,It doesnt matter.Ill be myself soon,3)作主语或宾语同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes,4）反身代词惯用于习惯用语中,enjoy oneself,过得高兴,make oneself at home,随意，随便；就当在家一样,make oneself understoodheard,使自己被听懂/被听见,for oneself,为自己,by oneself,独自地，,9/28,5不定代词,(1)some与any,some,普通用于必定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予必定回答时，可用于疑问句中；,any,普通用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于必定句中。,同理，something，somebody，someone使用方法同some；anything，anybody，anyone使用方法同any。,使用方法：,some用于必定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。,I have some friends.,Smith went to some place in England.(定语),在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请问句中。,Would you like some bananas?（邀请）,Mum,could you give me some money?(请求),any用于疑问句和否定句。,Is there any student in the classroom?,No,there isnt any student.,any用于必定句表示“任何”意思。,Any day is okay for me.,10/28,（2）,one,both,all,one,指人或物，“一个”，其复数为ones,This is not the one I want.(表语),both,指人或指物，“二者都”This maths problem,can be worked out in both ways.(定语),注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时,，,用neither。,Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。,Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。,both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们,前面。,也能够在both后加of。,如：Both,（of）,my parents like this film.,11/28,All,“全部”、“整个”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，表示“全部”、“全部”，指三个或三个以上人或物。,He gave me all the money.他把全部钱给了我。,All the schools are flooded.全部学校都被淹了。,注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：Not all the ants go out for food.,All the ants dont go out for food.,并不是全部蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。None of the money is mine.,这钱一分也不是我。,（3）,many和much,，另：a lot of（不能用于否定句）,（4）,few,little,和,a few,a little,few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表,示有一些，有几个，含必定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰,可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中惯用,作定语、主语和宾语。,12/28,（5）,each和every,each,（各个），指两个或两个以上人或物，侧重个体，在句中,作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。,every,（每个），指三个或三个以上人或物，侧重整体，在句,中只作定语。,Every student i,n,our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调“全部人”),Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）,Each of them has been there.（主语）,The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）,We each got a ticket.（同位语）,13/28,（6）,either和neither,either是“二者中任何一个”意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名,词，neither是“二者中没有一个”意思，能够修饰或代替单数,可数名词，它们可在句,中,作主语、宾语或定语。如：Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy knows French.(定语),14/28,（7）o,ther,others,the other,the others 和 another,the other,表示“二者中另一个”；,other,意思是“其它”，不能,单独使用，后面必须接名词,表泛指；,others,可指其它人或东,西，相当于other+名词复数；,the others,特指其它一些人或物，,相当于the other,+名词复数。,another,修饰或代替单数可数名词，,指,“（三个或三个以上）另一个”，不能指二者中另一个，,在句中可作宾语和定语。,He got two books;one is textbook,the other is a novel.,Five of the pencils are red,the others(the other pens)are yellow.,Some students are singing,others(other students)are dancing.,Please give me another book.,15/28,6相互代词：each other用于二者或二者以上；one another用于三者或三者以上，在当代英语中它们可通用。,7疑问代词：what指事或物，不强调范围；who(whom，whose)指人；which既可指人也可指物，但强调范围。,8关系代词：what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as，,9,none，no one，nothing区分,none,既可指人，也可指物，侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上人或物，后可接of短语，作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数，惯用往返答由how many/much引导疑问句；,no one,只能指人，是泛指概念，惯用往返答由who引导疑问句，不与of短语连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数；,nothing,惯用往返答由what引导疑问句。,16/28,典例1,There is_in his words.We should have a try.,Asomething Banything,Cnothing Deverything,解析句意：他话里有话。我们应该试试。something“某物，某事”，符合句意。anything“任何(事物)”；nothing“没有任何(事物)”；everything“一切(事物)”，三者均不符合句意。,答案A,典例2,Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting,addressed,to,and then posted it at the nearby post office,Ait;her,Bit;herself,Cherself;her,Dherself;herself,【解析】考查代词。第一空不定代词it指代前面postcard；第二空to后宾语应为反身代词herself.,【答案】B,17/28,It使用方法,1.,作人称代词,1,）,it代替前面（或后面）单数名词或分句等所表示事物。,You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面cake）,Although we cannot see it,there is air all around us.（it代替后面air）,They say he has left town,but I dont believe it.（it代替前面Theytown分句中情况）,2,）,代替有生命但不能或无须分阴阳性东西（包含婴儿）。,Yesterday we saw a big tree.It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面tree）,The baby cried because it was hungry.（it代替前面baby）,18/28,3,）,在一些习惯说法中，能够代替人。,e.g.-Someone is knocking at the door,Peter.-Who is it?-Its me.,-Who are singing?-It is the children.,-The light is still on in the lab.It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.,4,）,it与one区分：,这两个词都能够代表前面说过名词，但it用于同名同物场所；one则用于同名异物场所。,e.g.-Do you still have the bicycle?,-No,I have sold it.,-Is this knife yours?,-No.It is Xiao Zhangs.Mine is the one on the desk.,5,）,it与that区分：,两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。,e.g.The climate of South China is mild（温和）;I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）,The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.,（that指the climate）,19/28,2.,作无人称代词,it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表词语外，另一个特点是它后面内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。,It is fine(rainy,windy,etc.).,It is noon.,It is half,an,hours walk to the factory.,It is eighteen square metres in area.,What does it matter?,3.,作强调词，组成强调结构,用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子某一成份受到强调。,“It is(was)+所强调成份+that(who)+其它成份。”,在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式不一样。,20/28,It was in Shanghai,that,I bought the guitar(that引发强调句),It was Shanghai,where,I bought the guitar(where引发定,语,从,句,),It was twelve oclock,when,we arrived there(when引发时间状语,从句）,It was at twelve oclock,that,we arrived there.（that 引发强调句）,4.,引导词it作形式主语（宾语）,为了使句子平衡，常采取形式主语（或宾语）it，而把真正主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替句子成份中间要夹有一些词。,e.g.It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）,We thought it strange that Mr.Smith did not come last night.（it与that从句中间夹有 strange）,21/28,但有时it与所替换部分之间并不夹有其它词。,e.g.You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介,词on之后普通不直接接that引导宾语从句。注意：it不是多出,，不能看成错句）,典例,3,_worries me that he keeps changing his mind.,AThis BThat,CWhat DIt,解析句意：他不停改变主意使我担心。it作形式主语，后面,that从句是真正主语。,答案D,典例,4,He didnt make _clear when and where the,meeting would be held.,Athis,Bthat,Cit,Dthese,解析it作形式宾语，后面when and where引导从句才是真,正宾语。,答案C,22/28,5,用于以下句型,：,1)强调句型：It is/was被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)that(who)句子其余成份。强调句型只是把句子中一些词(被强调部分)位置改变，假如把强调结构(it,is,/,was,.,that,/,who)去掉之后，句子还应是完整。,典例,5,I dont mind her criticizing me，but_is how she does it that I object to.,Ait Bthat Cthis Dwhich,解析从句子结构分析，此处考查是强调句型，所以用it。,答案A,23/28,2)It is一段时间since从句,(普通过去式),3)It was/will be一段时间before从句,典例,6,He was told that it would be at least three more months _he could recover and return to work.,Awhen Bbefore,Csince Dthat,解析此处表示“多长时间以后才会”，用“it will be一段时间before从句”。,答案B,24/28,真题剖析,1,.Theres _ cooking oil left in the house.Would you go to the corner store and get _?,A.little;some,B.little;any,C.a little;some,D.a little;any,【考点定位】,考查,some,any使用方法辨析,。,【解析】因为在Would you?等表示请求、劝请或提议之类问句中，普通用some；又由后文“买些油”可知，家里“没有油”了，所以用little。句意是：家里没有油了，请你到附近店里买些回来好吗？答案是A。,25/28,2,.You may drop in or just give me a call._ will do,A.Either B.Each C.Neither D.All,【考点定位】表示二者和多者不定代词比较,【解析】由前句可知是指二者中“任何一个”，用either。答案是A。,3,.Who called me this morning when I was out?,A man calling _ Robert.,A.him B.himself C.his D.不填,【考点定位】考查反身代词。,【解析】考查反身代词。因为“call sb./oneself+某名”就是“叫某人/自称某名字”；句意是“一个自称罗伯特人”，用himself。答案是B。,26/28,4,.Some of the stamps belong to me,while the rest are _.,A.him and her B.his and hers,C.his and her,D.him and hers,【考点定位】名词性和形容词性物主代词使用方法,【解析】在句中作表语，指“他邮票和她邮票”用his and her(=his stamps and her stamps)。答案是B。,5,.My grandma still treats me like a child.She cant imagine _,grown up.,A.my B.mine C.myself D.me,【考点定位】人称代词主格与宾格使用方法,。,【解析】由语境可知“她没想到我已成年了”，应该用宾格me作imagine宾语；短语形容词grown up(成熟，成年)作宾补。答案是D。,27/28,谢谢,28/28,
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