应用性文体写作指导.docx

英语应用文写作
英文书信的格式多种多样，但最常使用的有三种：齐头式、缩进式和混合式。缩进式格式每段开头空四个字母，段与段之间不空行；齐头式是每段开头顶格，段与段之间空一行。齐头式的格式从直观上给人层次分明、条理清晰的感觉。尤其是书写本身比较潦草的时候，段落之间的空行会减弱字迹潦草带来的不整洁的感觉。

求职信及申请信

范文：
Dear Mr. Moore,
Re: Waitress position
I would like to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. I am enclosing my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.
Not only do I have the qualifications and work experience for this job, but I also have the right personality for a waitress. I am a friendly person who can quickly establish a rapport with people of all ages. The fast-paced environment of waiting on tables suits me, because I enjoy working under pressure. My former boss was surprised at my efficiency in dealing with customers’ orders.
I hope to meet with you to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant. I can be reached at 4639234 during the days and 924,6868 after 6 p.m.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
解析：
第一段要表明写信的意图，说明对招聘的这个职位很感兴趣，同时还要记住一点，在日常生活中求职信后都会附上简历和相关证书的复印件。第一段的前两句话稍加改动即可用于任何一封求职信。范文在主体段落中说明自己的相关工作经验和个性，最终目的都是要说明写信人适合这份工作。需要注意的是在写自己的工作经验时，一定要与应聘的职位相关，不相关的工作经验没有必要提及。第三段提供给收信人自己的联系方式。另外还要写一些客套话，因为这是在求职，如果写信人真的想得到这份工作，就应当像询问信息时一样，对可能得到的这个工作表示一种期待，同时表示对收信人的谢意。

常见求职及申请信的导语句型：
I am writing to apply for ...
I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in Beijing Daily of March 21.
I am writing to express my interest in ...
I am writing to formally request ...
I should like to apply for the job advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
Your advertisement for a sale manager in … has impressed me. I feel I can fill that vacancy …
The requirements outlined in your advertisement makes me confident that I am qualified for the position.
I am writing in response to your advertisement for the position of …
It is with considerable interest that I enclose my resume in response to your … advertisement for a Human Resources Manager.

表示信心、能力或兴趣的方式：
I feel that similar contributions might be made to your firm as well.
I feel that, with my overall qua1ifications and desire, I could contribute significantly to your company.
I feel that I can make a strong contribution to your company.
I would appear to have excellent qualifications for this position ...
I feel confident that I can provide the kind of leadership that you are seeking for.
I am convinced that my interest together with my academic background and working experiences will make me better qualified in applying a course of a higher level.

在信尾表达进一步联系的愿望，表示感谢的方式：
After you have reviewed the enclosed curriculum vitae, I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss how I may contribute to your department.
I would be pleased to have the opportunity to interview with ...
I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss how I might further contribute to your ...
Thank you again and I look forward to hearing from you shortly.
I am very interested in this position and would appreciate the opportunity to further discuss during a face-to-face interview.
Thank you for you consideration.
Thank you again and I am looking forward to hearing from you.
I would appreciate it if you could contact me as soon as possible.
If there is anything further I could add to a review of my qualifications or goals, please do not hesitate to call. I hope to hear from you soon.

13.2.2 咨询信
在人们的生活中经常会有一些不明白、不清楚而需要询问和咨询的事情，如：入学手续、打工薪水、参加组织、借用设施等。询问信的主要目的是寻求所需的信息。因此，首先要说明写信的目的、介绍背景、询问详情，最后要表示谢意，期盼回复。基本结构是：
1）简述题目场景，表明写作目的，说明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息。写询问信时，注意礼貌原则，并且只能就收信人能够提供的信息进行询问。
2）询问具体问题。如果某个问题较为重要，可以单独占一个段落。
3）表明获取信息的急切心情，期盼回复，并提供联系方法以便收信人与你联系，对收信人能提供信息表示感谢，体现礼貌原则。
咨询信中还应特别注意句式原则，在询问问题时所使用的疑问句应当与口语中常用的疑问句式有明显不同，应使用“Would you please tell me ... ”之类的正式疑问句式。

范文：
Dear Sir,
I am organizing a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town. This visit will be part of our school's social survey project. I would be grateful if you could supply me with the following information.
First of all, what are the dates between which the exhibition will be held, and what are the daily opening hours? Secondly, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display? Thirdly, are there any other activities being held in connection with the exhibition?
I would also like to inquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets for how much is the discount and what is the minimum number of students necessary to qualify for it?
I look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
解析：
文章在第一段就表明了与收信人的相关性：我要组团去你们镇上参观历史展览，所以要写信向你询问一些问题。询问信的礼貌原则应当在第一段就体现出来，因此在第一段的末尾有这样一句话：I could be grateful if you could supply me with the following information. 这句话在咨询信中一定要出现。
文章的第二段除了询问题目规定的问题即开放的日期和时间外，还问了其他一些相关的问题，这是在询问信中突破字数要求的一个有效策略。同时第二段中还用了衔接手段，显得条理清楚。
接下来在第三段询问是否有折扣，要多少人才会有折扣。
咨询信的最后一段一定要对收信人表明会期待他的回信，因为询问必须得到反馈才能获取所需的信息。

咨询信的开头常用句式和套话
I am writing for information about ...
I would like to receive information regarding ...
I am writing to ask if you could possibly ...
I would be grateful if you would ...
I would like to request materials for …
I would be most grateful if you could send me information regarding/concerning ...
I wonder if you could ...
I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding ...

咨询信的结尾常用句式和套话
I am expecting your early reply.
Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated. I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Thank you for your consideration.
I look forward to your immediate response.

13.2.3 请求信
请求信是对收信人提出请求，希望对方满足该请求。请求信和询问信有一点相似，就是两者都要向对方提出某种要求并请对方给予答复。而两者的不同则在于询问信的核心是要询问信息，重点要写清楚询问的内容，收信人要提供信息则大多是自身职责所在，应当为咨询者提供所需的信息。请求信的核心却是请求他人做某事的原因，重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事。
写这类书信首先注意礼貌客气，用词不要生硬不要用命令的口吻。要讲明求助的具体内容，简洁明了，直入主题。接到回信后，不管结果如何，应迅速回信致谢。基本结构是：
1）正文一开始便提出具体的请求，或简单交代原因后提出请求。请求信的首段既要礼貌，又要规范。
2）简要介绍自己的情况，然后详细阐明请求的内容，希望获得的信息。说明请求的原因，应具体展开。请求信的主体段落应尽可能地客观、公允、合乎情理。
3）表示感谢或表示希望得到对方的答复，并在此处体现礼貌原则。

范文：
Dear Professor James,
I am writing to request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to Elementary Education (EDU602) and Teaching Methods (EDU619).
The reason for reducing my course load is that I am finding it difficult to manage six courses.
At the beginning of the term, I was optimistic about juggling my full-time studies and my part-time job (20hours/week). I really must work part time, so I have no choice but to decrease my course load.
I would also like to request a tuition refund. I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused by this change in plans. This decision was not taken lightly.
Thank you for your attention to these requests. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 277·9144. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
解析：
首段说明写作意图：I am writing to formally request withdraw from two courses，我是写信来请求正式撤消两门课程的，下面具体说是哪两门课。
第二段说明撤消课程的理由，下面对具体的理由具体展开。
第三段提出如果时间允许，希望能够退款。
第四段再次体现礼貌原则，并留下联系的方式，以便对方回复。

请求信首段常用句式和套话：
I am writing in the hope that you could send me …
I am writing to ask you to kindly provide us with ...
I am writing to ask if it is possible for you to ...
We are going to stay in your hotel for a week. But will you send us a price list of your ... ?
I want to join in your travel agency to ... , I would be particularly interested to know if your tours are indeed ...
I would very much like to ask for your permission with this letter so as to allow me. I am writing to seek for your assistance in ...

请求信结尾段常用句式和套话：
I would very much appreciate your advice on such matters.
Your assistance in this matter would be a real blessing to me.
I would be grateful if you could put in a word on my behalf.
I would appreciate your advice as to what I should do next.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
I do appreciate the favorable consideration you have shown to me.
I would like to thank you for your generous help in this matter.
I shall remain grateful to you for the great help.

13.2.4 抱怨及批评信
当某种举措给我们的生活带来不便和损失时，当自己的正当生活或权利受到侵犯时，我们就会给有关部门或个人写抱怨信或批评信，抒发不满情绪。所以，这类信件中常会出现表达不满乃至盛怒情绪的词汇，有的较为委婉礼貌，有的用词尖刻，口气生硬。但我们应明白，这类信件的最终目的是解决问题、纠正错误，因此，这类信中除不应掺杂与之无关的具有强烈情感态度的词汇外，还要注意言辞不能过于激烈。另外，在发泄不满提出批评的同时，还要摆事实，讲道理。写这类信件时，不要拐弯抹角，更不要捏造歪曲事实。抱怨批评信的大致结构是:
1）说明与收信人的相关性，表明写作意图并且在尽可能地情况下做到客观礼貌给读信人留下好的印象。
2）在投诉信中最易操作和最有效的办法是将信的主题内容进行拓展，通常是在第二段对具体理由的体现形式进行拓展，交代事情的大致经过及因此给生活带来的不便和损失，这一段中交代经过部分要选取主要情节并注意现在时与过去时的转换，叙述要清楚扼要，信息提供要准确；抱怨和批评部分注意言辞不要过分激烈，不要夸大其辞。
3）提出解决方案、意见、希望、要求或敦促对方采取措施，不需展开但要公平、公正。此段应体现书信的礼貌原则，最好使用试探性的语言，应当有类似“如你能……，我将万分感谢”的话语，这也是投诉信最能体现礼貌原则的地方。
所有的投诉信都有一个共同点，就是最终是要收信人解决问题，要解决问题就应当提出解决的方案。从解决问题的角度来看，这类信的命题方式有两种，一种是在题目的情景设置里面已经提供了解决的方案；另外一种题目的场景中并没有提供解决方案，考生就应当在信中给出自己的解决方案，而且所提出的解决方案应当是与投诉的内容相关，对某一点不满就针对某一点提出解决方案。

范文:
Dear Sir / Madam,
I am writing to inform you that I wish to move into a new room next term. I would prefer a single room, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
The reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate's inconsiderate behavior. His friends constantly visit him and he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he sometimes borrows my things without asking me. Under these circumstances, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind on my assignments.
I am sure you will agree that the solution is for me to move into a room of my own, where I will be free from such distractions. I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
解析：
文章的第一段说明写信的目的“I am writing to inform you”，这种说话的语气比较客气委婉，并没有直接说要投诉，这就表明交际时对对方的一种尊重。第二段解释要求换房的原因。既然是投诉信，最后一定是要解决问题的，在最后一段提出解决的方案，要换一个单间，而且不要和现在的宿舍在一幢楼上，还要离学校近一些。在最后一段体现出书信的礼貌原则，“I would be grateful if you could ... ”，这种礼貌性的语言在投诉信中必须出现。

常见的抱怨批评导语句式和套话：
I am writing to complain about one annoying aspect of your service.
I am writing to express my concern/dissatisfaction/disappointment about ...
I am writing to inform you that I am dissatisfied with your …
I feel bad/sorry to trouble you but I am afraid I have to make a complaint about ...
I am most reluctant to complain, but ...
I am writing to advise you that I find ... unsatisfactory.
I wish to draw your attention to the problem/fault that I bought ...

投诉信的结尾常用句式和套话
I trust you will take my complaints seriously, and ...
I will appreciate it very much if you could ...
I would be perfectly satisfied if you can kindly ...
I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter. I would like to have this matter settled by the end of ...
I would be grateful if you could ...
I would appreciate it if you cou1d ...

13.2.5 道歉信
因为自己的失误而给别人生活造成不便时需要道歉。写道歉信不是为了给自己找借口，为自己辩护，而是承认自己的过错并提出弥补过错的具体建议和方法。道歉信的目的是向收信人表明歉意，请求对方对自己的某种过失表示谅解。道歉信的写作结构:
1）首先交代道歉原因，致歉时，语气要真诚。
2）简述事情发生经过，展开道歉的具体原因。在主体段落中，写信人应当在申述理由时照顾读信人的感受，切忌强词夺理。叙述应简明扼要，实事求是，信息提供要准确。
3）提出补救方法、希望和建议。再次表明歉意，请求收信人的谅解，这部分同样注意语气的诚恳。

范文：
Dear Martin,
I am looking forward to your visit. Just think, after all these years of writing to each other, we will finally have the chance to meet! However, I am sorry that I will not be able to meet you at the airport as soon as you arrive.
The reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the earliest I can get to the airport will be about an hour after you land. Please wait for me in the arrival lounge. You should be able to have breakfast there while you wait.
By the way, as we have never met I must tell you how to recognize me. I am of medium height and have a small moustache. In addition, I will be carrying a copy of the morning newspaper tucked under my left arm. Looking forward to our meeting.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
解析：
从文章的称呼语来看，两人的关系是朋友，在称呼时就应当直呼其名，如果用全名Dear Mary Smith，就会拉开收信人与写信人的距离。
第一段有这样一个短语Just think “想象一下”，在写给团体组织或机构的信中绝不会使用这种带有情感色彩的表达方式。第一段对不能赶去机场表示歉意。
第二段解释原因：你的航班到得很早，而我最快也要在你到达大约一小时后才能到机场，因此你最好在休息大厅等我，最好自己先吃早饭。接下来文章在第二段又出现一个非正式的语言标志。by the way “顺便说一下”，这个表达法本身比较不正式。文章的最后一段只有一句话Looking forward to our first meeting。这句话是省略句，在写给团体组织的信中是不会使用这种说法的。
在准备考试时，考生还应该学会使用半正式(semi-formal)的文体。一般来说，写作考试不大可能涉及纯粹的非正式文体。这篇范文主体上应当是正式的，其中有几个地方表明文章的非正式性就可以了。这篇文章中就使用了just think， by the way和looking forward to our first meeting这几个非正式的表达在正式的文体中加以点缀，使其变成了半正式文体。

道歉信中开头段常用句式和套话：
I am writing this letter to express my regret ...
I am writing to apologize for ...
I would like to give you my apology for ...
I am very sorry to say that …
I must apologize about (not) doing ...
Please accept my sincere apology for…
I am writing to say sorry for ...
There is no excuse for my ...
As I thought over ... , I began to feel terrible because I think I have hurt your feelings.
I am still in despair over ...
I persona1ly want to extend an apology to you ...

关于补救方法，希望建议的表达方式：
To make up for the mess I have made, I would like to ...
For my part, I will do my best to make up with ...
I realize that ... is irreplaceable, but I hope you will use ...
I want you to know how badly we feel about it and to assure you that it will not happen again.

信尾再次道歉或对另一方的理解表示感激的表达方式：
Once again I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Please allow me to say sorry again.
Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
I sincerely hope that you will be able to think in my position and accept my apologies. I want to let you know how sorry I am feeling now.
I am sorry that I can't ... and trust that you will be able to understand.
Please forgive me for ...
I will be calling you next week to make sure that ...
Thank you for your hospita1ity and your understanding. Thank you for being patient with ...
P1ease accept my apologies for this ...
Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Please accept my apologies once more.

13.2.6 感谢信
感谢信是对收信人的某一行为表示感谢，应该真诚，热情洋溢，避免说太多空洞不着边际的话。感谢信的特点是开头直截了当，提出感谢，而后说出感谢事由。感谢信的大致结构是:
1）一开始便提出感谢。
2）重申感谢事由，还可根据情况说明对方帮助的价值及对自己产生的影响。
3）信尾再次表示感谢。
感谢信带有浓厚的感情色彩，具有比较浓的人情味，因此可操作性不是太强。考生即便学习了一篇范文，但对另外一道此类题目也有可能不知该从何处入手。实际上感谢信(还包括表扬信)从内容上恰恰与投诉信相反，因此可以直接套用投诉信的写法，只需将投诉信主体段落对投诉理由的具体说明改为对感谢或表扬理由的具体说明即可。

范文：
Dear John,
I am writing to thank you for looking after me after that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. If it had not been for your assistance in giving me first aid and taking me to a nearby hospital, I fear that the consequences might have been much more serious.
The doctor says that my broken leg is healing well. In addition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.
Although nowadays many people talk about the need to be unselfish and to help others, we see very few people practicing what they preach. But you showed by your actions that you are an exception.
Yours sincerely,