财经专业英语教程英文版导.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Chapter 1 Accounting,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,Chapter 1 Accounting,Lesson 5 Assets,Lesson 6 Methods for Accounting Inventory Cost,Lesson 7 Liabilities,Owners Equity,Revenues,Expenses and Profits,Lesson 8 Depreciation and Depreciation Methods,Chapter 1 Accounting,Lesson 9 Balance Sheets and Income Statements,Lessonl0 Statements of Cash Flows and Statements of Changes in Owners Equity,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,Accounting is the backbone of modern business.The information collected through a series of accounting procedures and approaches can provide reliable financial messages for decision makers in the business world.Financial accounting and managerial accounting are two major specialized fields in accounting.Financial accounting aims to satisfy the needs of the interest-related users(external users)in the form of financial reports which reveal the information on financial position and operating results of a business.The external users concerned are managers,stockholders,creditors,banks,government agencies and the public,etc.,下一页,返回,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,Managerial accounting is intended to provide useful financial information for internal users to assist them in making decisions related to operating a business,such as decisions involved in budgeting,planning,controlling,examining and evaluating.,In one word,both financial accounting and managerial accounting are supposed to present useful financial information for users.,Accounting Elements and Accounting Equation,Enterprise accounting deals with the funds movement within a specific enterprise.Accounting elements are basic classification of such accounting practices.There are six main elements,namely,assets,liabilities,owners equity,revenue,expense and profit.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,Accounting Titles and Accounts,Accounting elements are the concretion of accounting objects,while accounting titles are the further division of the specific contents of accounting elements.,According to the economic contents,the accounting titles fall into the six categories as follows.,Assets:e.g.cash on hand,bank deposit,accounts receivable,fixed assets,accumulated depreciation,etc.,Liabilities:e.g.accounts payable,long-term loans,short-term loans,taxes payable,bonds payable,etc.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,Owners Equity:e.g.paid-in capital,capital reserve,surplus reserve,profit distribution,etc.,Cost:e.g.production cost,manufacturing expense,etc.,Profit and Loss:e.g.prime operating revenue,prime operating cost,selling expense,administrative expense,finance expense,income tax expense,etc.,Common class:e.g.liquidation of interbank business,etc.,Business transactions are conducted in various forms,and the accounting elements are accordingly changed.In order to have a record of all the transactions related to an enterprise,a series of accounts are required to collect data for the five major account tiles,namely assets,liabilities,owners equity,revenue and expenses.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 1 An Introduction to Accounting,The account presented below is called a T-account because it resembles the letter T.See,Table 1-1,.A T-account illustrates the composition of the balance sheet of a company or individual.,The left side of the T-account is called Debit,and the right side is called Credit.Often these two terms are abbreviated as Dr.and C.r.,上一页,返回,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,The New Version of Chinese Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises,After two years efforts,the Ministry of Finance laid out new accounting standards for businesses and required that these new standards should be adopted by enterprises listed in the PRC as of the date of January 1,2007.The new standards comprise one basic standard,and 38 specific standards and practical guidelines.,The basic standard plays an important role in the accounting system,since it has been developed in the light of the latest national criteria and research achievements in this field.,下一页,返回,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,It focuses on five aspects:objectives of financial reporting;basic accounting assumptions;accounting basis;qualitative requirements of accounting information;classification and measurement of accounting elements.,The specific standards,based on the basic standard,regulate the recognition and measurement of specific business transactions for enterprises.The contents are listed as follows:inventories;long-term equity investments;investment property;fixed assets;biological assets;intangible assets;exchange of non-monetary assets;impairment of assets;employee benefits;enterprise annuity fund;share-based payment;debt restructuring;contingencies;revenue.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,construction contracts;government grants;borrowing costs;income taxes;foreign currency transaction;business combination;leases;recognition and measurement of financial instruments;transfer of financial assets;hedging;direct insurance contracts;re-insurance contracts;extraction of petroleum and natural gas;changes in accounting policies and estimates and correction of errors;events after the balance sheet date;presentation of financial statements;cash flow statements;interim financial reporting;consolidated financial statements;earnings per share;segment reporting;related party disclosures;presentation of financial instruments;first time adoption of accounting standards for business enterprises.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,Accounting Jobs,To fulfill the accounting work,some workers will be employed by a business to deal with transactions in this filed.Their duties will be clearly clarified in order to enhance the management and the efficiency of their work,and by extension to ensure the smooth process of accounting.,According to specific working contents,accounting staff can be further divided into chief accountants,cashiers,asset accountants,payroll accountants,cost accountants,profit accountants,fund accountants,accounting clerks,general ledger accountants,auditors and bookkeepers,etc.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 2 New Accounting Standards and Accounting Jobs,The chief accountant is responsible for supervision and control of the general accounting area,such as recording general ledgers and checking journals and subsidiary ledgers,preparing trial balance,and financial statements,analyzing and predicting financial position,participating in plan-making and decision-making.,The cashier is in charge of keeping money and journals,checking vouchers and settling the transactions among enterprises.,上一页,返回,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,Accounting approaches refer to those technical methods applied to accounting practices,including accounting calculation,analysis,auditing and prediction.Among them,calculation is the most important in accounting.,The accounting calculation system is listed as follows:,(1)Filling in and examining accounting documents.,(2)Bookkeeping.,(3)Cost calculation.,(4)Property inspection.,(5)Preparing financial statements.,下一页,返回,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,Double Entry Accounting,To achieve the satisfactory calculation and supervision in accounting,a double entry system is always employed by enterprises for recording transactions based on recording increases or decreases in accounting elements.The debit-credit bookkeeping is widely adopted in China.The basic rules for this bookkeeping method have been put forward:,(1)Debit is on the left side and credit is on the right side of an account,without any economic meanings.,(2)Whether the transaction results in an increase or a decrease depends on the specific economic contents and nature of that account.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,A table of accounts and how they are increased or decreased is presented below(see,Table 1-2,).,(3)The balance of any accounts should be recorded on the side where an increased amount appears.,Under the double-entry accounting,every business transaction affects at least two accounts,for the total debits recorded should always be equal to the total credits recorded.For example,when a company pays,￥,100 for administrative expenses in cash,the administrative expenses should be recorded on the debit side and cash on hand on the credit side,with the amount of,￥,100 for each.This example vividly expresses the relationship of debit and credit in this bookkeeping approach.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,Accounting Documents,The accounting cycle begins with the analysis and the journalizing of transactions based on source documents.Source documents and vouchers are called accounting documents which confirm that a transaction has occurred and establish the amounts to be recorded.Besides,documents provide written evidence to clarify economicresponsibilities and lay a solid foundation for bookkeeping.,As a formal recording means during each operating period,the documents call for the careful filling-in procedures.For example,Tuo Wei Corporation purchased a state-invested machine for X20,000 on April 21,2009.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 3 Double Entry Accounting and Accounting Documents,This transaction involves two accounts,namely,the fixed assets and paid-in capitals.The increase in the fixed assets is recorded on the debit side while the increase in the paid-in capitals on the credit side(see,Table 1-3,).,上一页,返回,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,Account Books,After the completion of a transaction,the date and the amounts of the debits and credits are entered in the appropriate accounts.An account book is a record in which financial transactions are systematically and comprehensively recorded based on the accounting documents.It is made up of a large number of account pages which are kept in special formats.According to their uses,account books can be divided into journal,ledger and memorandum books.According to the format of account pages,they can be divided into three-column books,quantity-amount books and multi-column books.The commonly used books are special journals,general ledgers and subsidiary ledgers.,下一页,返回,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,Special journals mainly consist of cash journals and deposit journals.Every specific transaction will be detailedly recorded by cashiers in a special journal every day according to a chronological order.Special journals usually adopt the three-column structure(see,Table 1-4,).,The general ledger,sometimes known as a nominal ledger,is the classified recording of all economic transactions.It is used to reflect and record the funds movement and financial balances caused by economic transactions in a given account at a particular time and to prepare data for financial statements.Therefore,it is required in every company or unit.We always keep the general ledger in a three-column format(see,Table 1-5,).,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,The subsidiary ledger can take several forms.It depends on the specific administrative requirements set by the company.Three-column book,multi-column book or quantity-amount book are nice choices.,The process of transferring the accounting information from journals to the ledger is known as posting.,Closing entries must be made at the end of an accounting period(a month,a quarter or a year)so as to prepare financial statements for the next accounting period.They are used to confirm that revenues and expenses have been closed properly.Besides,closing entries will be made in an enterprise when it transfers its financial information to another enterprise because of bankruptcy or amalgamation.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,Property Inspection,In the accounting system,property inspection is a necessary procedure.It is a process where a business physically counts its inventory and cash and checks its bank deposits,accounts payable and liabilities so as to check whether the bookkeeping amount coincides with the real amount.,Different inspection methods will be applied to dealing with different inspection objects.,A physical inventory is often employed to inspect cash on hand at the beginning or end of a business day.The cashier must be present on the spot to check whether the real inventories conform to the cash journals.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 4 Account Books and Property Inspection,If an inventory profit or loss appears,the detailed number of them must be calculated immediately.Besides,further efforts should be made in sorting out IOU notes,receipts,reserves in excess of limits,long-term loans and short-terms loans.When the physical inventory is over,the related results should be filled in the Cash Inventory Report(see,Table 1-6,).,上一页,返回,Lesson 5 Assets,Assets are the economic resources collected by the enterprise through various financing channels.Examples of assets include cash,bank deposits,raw materials,fixed assets,intangible assets,etc.Assets are normally divided into two major categories:current assets and long-term assets(or non-current assets).,1.Current Assets,Current assets are the assets that will be converted into cash or liquidated within one year(or one year)or one operating period(longer than one year).They are also an indispensable part for a balance sheet.Cash on hand,bank deposits,accounts receivable,notes receivable,trading financial assets,inventories all belong to current assets.,下一页,返回,Lesson 5 Assets,1)Cash on hand,Cash on hand is the money which is kept by cashiers in the enterprises financial department.For an enterprise,it is the most liquid asset and is not used to generate profits.There are many regulations stipulated by laws over the management of cash,clearly clarifying the operating scope,maximum amount,and keeping time of cash.,In fact,most cash receipts and payments are realized in check.For example,on January 30,2009,an enterprise made a check to withdraw 10,000 Yuan from the bank for the accrued salaries.This transaction will be recorded as below:,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 5 Assets,Debit:Cash on hand 10,000,Credit:Bank deposit 10,000,A large number of enterprises agree that it is inconvenient to write checks for small amount payment.So a petty cash fund is established to solve this problem.The department which applies for money allocation should at first give a fixed scope for the reserve fund based on its actual needs and the total fund amount in petty cash receipts,should be honestly reported to related financial department in order to ensure the fund is being accounted for properly.,上一页,下一页,返回,Lesson 5 Assets,2)Bank deposits,The bank deposit is the money which an enterprise puts into