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微小互连高度下的电子封装焊点微观组织.pdf

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第 32 卷 第 12 期2 0 1 1 年 1 2 月焊接学报TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTIONVol 32No 12December2011收稿日期:2010 09 27基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(60776033);现代焊接生产技术国家重点实验室基金项目(09013)微小互连高度下的电子封装焊点微观组织王波1,2,莫丽萍1,吴丰顺1,2,夏卫生1,吴懿平1,2(1 华中科技大学 材料成形及模具国家重点实验室,武汉430074;2 华中科技大学 武汉光电国家实验室,武汉430074)摘要:研究了互连高度分别为 100,50,20,10 m 四种不同互连高度的铜/锡/铜三明治结构微焊点的微观组织变化 结果表明,随互连高度的降低,焊料层中的铜浓度也随之升高,焊点两侧生成的 Cu6Sn5金属间化合物层(intermetallic compound,IMC)厚度随之降低,但其所占焊点的比例却升高 根据 IMC 层厚度和焊料中铜的浓度,计算了不同互连高度微焊点所消耗的铜层厚度,发现消耗的铜基体厚度随着微焊点互连高度的降低而减少 老化过程中,焊点互连高度越低,IMC 生长速度和 IMC 比例升高速度越快,微观组织变化越显著关键词:电子封装焊点;互连高度;微观组织中图分类号:TG454文献标识码:A文章编号:0253 360X(2011)12 0025 04王波0序言微焊点在电子封装技术中起到芯片和基板之间电信号的传递以及机械支撑的作用1 焊点的可靠性对于电子产品的寿命具有极其重要的意义 电子产品轻薄短小及多功能的需求促使电子制造及封装向超薄/超微方向发展2 4 为了获得高性能芯片,IC 集成电路的集成密度和复杂程度一直在增加,这导致芯片 I/O 引脚数量及其密度的不断上升,因而需要更先进的高密度封装形式 面阵列互连技术和倒装芯片互连技术的出现实现并推动了 IC 电子封装向高密度互连方向的快速发展,致使微焊点的互连高度不断降低 2005 年国际半导体协会(ITRS)预测报告指出为了提高互连密度,焊点的体积将会不断缩小,向微小化方向发展,从焊球节距为 500m、互连高度为 200 m 的 BGA(ball grid array)互连到焊球节距为 60 m、互连高度为 30 m 的高密度倒装芯片互连,甚至发展到焊点节距为 15 m、互连高度约为 7 m 的全金属间化合物互连5 在焊点微小化过程中,焊点互连高度会产生显著差异6 焊点互连高度的降低会对其微观组织产生十分重要的影响,从而影响到微焊点的力学性能和可靠性 开展微小互连高度下的电子封装焊点微观组织的研究具有十分重要的科学研究价值和应用价值1试验方法研究采用夹具夹持并控制两支直径为 0 9 mm的铜棒的端面相互平行,且之间距离分别为 100(H1),50(H2),20(H3),10(H4)m,然后在铜棒端面涂覆中性助焊剂,并放置纯度99 9%,厚度为100 m 的锡箔 经过相同的回流焊工艺流程,最终获得互连高度(stand-off height,SOH)分别为 100,50,20,10 m 的铜/锡/铜三明治结构焊点 回流焊的峰值温度为 270,回流过程总共消耗的时间为8 min,制备的焊点试样结构示意图如图 1 所示图 1焊点试样结构示意图(mm)Fig.1Schematic diagram of sample采用扫描电镜进行观察与分析微观组织 首先对焊点试样进行环氧树脂镶样,然后使用砂纸粗磨和人造金刚石研磨膏对试样抛光 对抛光后的样品采用成分为 95%C2H5OH+5%HCl(体积分数)的腐蚀液进行腐蚀 使用荷兰 FEI 公司的 Quanta200 型环境扫描电镜(ESEM)以背散射模式对焊点的内部26焊接学报第 32 卷微观组织结构等进行显微观察分析,并用与扫描电镜配套的能谱仪(EDX)分析焊点的成分2试验结果与分析21不同互连高度焊点中的微观组织图 2为经回流焊后获得的互连高度分别为图 2不同互连高度焊点横截面背散射形貌Fig.2Cross-sectional back scattering electron(BSE)images of solder joints with different SOHS100,50,20,10 m 的铜/锡/铜焊点横截面背散射形貌 能谱分析表明 IMC 层成分为 Cu6Sn5 基于图 2,采用 UTHSCSA ImageTool 图像分析软件分别测量了不同互连高度中金属间化合物(IMC)层的平均厚度,即 IMC 层总面积除以 IMC 的长度;将焊点两侧 IMC 平均厚度之和除以互连高度获得 IMC 在整个焊点中的体积比 IMC 的平均厚度和比例随着焊点互连高度降低的变化情况如图 3 所示 当焊点的互连高度从100 m 降低到50,20,10 m,焊点两侧 IMC 层的平均厚度之和也从9 m 分别降低至8,5 4,3 6 m;而相应的 IMC 占焊点的比例却从 9%分别升高到 16%,27%和 36%图 3不同互连高度焊点中 IMC 厚度和比例Fig.3Thickness and proportion of IMC layer in solderjoints with different SOHS采用能谱分析方法(EDX)分析了整个焊料层的平均成分,焊料层由锡和铜两种成分组成 在回流过程中,原子从铜基体表面溶解到锡基焊料中,并形成富铜颗粒,如图 2 所示 富铜颗粒是指表面生长一薄层 Cu6Sn5的铜颗粒7 焊料层中铜含量随着焊点互连高度的变化如图 4 所示,互连高度为100,50,20,10 m的铜/锡/铜结构焊点的焊料层图 4不同互连高度焊点焊料层中铜含量Fig.4Cu content in solder bulk of solder joints with dif-ferent SOHS第 12 期王波,等:微小互连高度下的电子封装焊点微观组织27内所对应的铜浓度分别为 1 4%,2 8%,4 0%和4.6%(质量分数),焊料层中铜含量随着互连高度的降低而升高图 5 为在 150 恒温老化过程中,不同互连高度的焊点中 IMC 的生长厚度以及 IMC 在焊点中所占比例的变化情况 根据图5a,恒温老化过程中,互连高度越低,IMC 生长速度越快 这是由于在互连高度低的焊点中生成的初始 IMC 层较薄,老化过程中,铜和锡原子的扩散路径较短,因此在相同的老化时间内,经过 IMC 层的铜和锡原子扩散通量较大,表现为低互连高度焊点中的 IMC 生长速度较快 图5b 显示,互连高度越低,IMC 占焊点的比例升高越快 例如,互连高度 10 m 焊点经过 500 h 老化后,整个焊点都转变成为金属间化合物,而此时互连高度100 m 的焊点中,IMC 比例仅为10%左右 由此推断,在低互连高度微焊点中,快速生长的 IMC 和快速升高的 IMC 比例将会给焊点的力学性能和可靠性带来重要的影响图 5不同互连高度焊点中 IMC 厚度和比例与老化时间关系Fig.5IMC thickness and proportion with increasing agingtime in solder joints with different SOH22不同互连高度焊点所消耗的铜层厚度根据质量守恒定律,分析了互连高度为 100,50,20,10 m 的铜/锡/铜焊点所消耗的铜厚度 总的消耗的铜质量等于反应形成 IMC 的铜与游离在焊料层中的富铜相颗粒之和 为了便于计算,将富铜相颗粒看做纯铜颗粒 因而,铜基体消耗厚度公式为CuAh=Cbulkcubulk+IMCCIMCCu(1)式中:h 为焊点两侧消耗的铜层厚度;CbulkCu为焊点焊料层中溶解的铜的质量分数;CIMCCu为 Cu6Sn5IMC层中铜的质量分数;A 为焊盘面积;hbulk为焊料层高度;hIMC为 IMC 层高度;Cu铜密度;bulk为焊料层密度;IMC为 Cu6Sn5密度 假设焊点互连高度为 H,IMC 层所占焊点比例为,值可由图 3 中数据获得 锡基焊料层密度 bulk为8 1bulk=CbulkSnSn+CbulkCuCu(2)式中:CbulkSn为锡占焊料层的质量分数;Sn为锡密度(7 3 g/cm3);Cu为铜密度(8 9 g/cm3)9 CbulkSn和CbulkCu可以通过对焊料层做整体的能谱分析来获得,它们之间的关系为:CbulkSn=1 CbulkCu Cu6Sn5的密度为 8 28 g/cm310,铜占 Cu6Sn5的质量分数 CIMCCu约为 40%不同互连高度铜/锡/铜焊点所消耗的铜层厚度公式为h=HSnCbulkCu(1 )Cu(1 CbulkCu)+SnCbulkCu+IMCCIMCCuCu(3)通过背散射图像和能谱分析可知,互连高度为100,50,20,10 m 焊点的 CbulkCu和 将 H,CbulkCu和 代入式(3)中即可获得消耗的铜层厚度 h,计算结果见表 1 根据计算结果,随着焊点的互连高度从100 m 降低至 50,20,10 m,相对应的消耗的铜层厚度从 4 38 m 降低至 3 93,2 49,1 58 m,消耗的铜层厚度随着互连高度的降低而下降 大部分被消耗的铜将会与液态锡反应并在界面上形成Cu6Sn5,例如在互连高度为 20 m 的铜/锡/铜焊点中,消耗的铜总量中大约有 85%的铜在铜/焊料界面上形成 Cu6Sn5,其它 15%的铜在焊料层中形成富表 1不同互连高度焊点消耗的铜层厚度Table 1Cu consumptions thickness in solder joints withdifferent SOHS互连高度h/m质量分数CbulkCu(%)IMC 层比例(%)消耗的铜层厚度h/m1001494 385028163 932040272 491046361 5828焊接学报第 32 卷铜相颗粒研究结果表明消耗的铜层厚度与所用焊料体积密切相关 焊点互连高度越低,形成焊点的焊料体积就越小 回流时,焊料熔化,棒材表面的铜溶入焊料,直到焊料达到饱和或者过饱和状态 因此,体积大的焊料能够溶入数量更多的铜 当熔融的锡焊料达到饱和状态时,在固液界面上形成 Cu6Sn5IMC层,IMC 层能够有效地阻止棒材铜原子继续向熔融焊料中溶解 在回流冷却阶段,铜在焊料中的溶解度减少,会从焊料中析出 Cu6Sn5,并在 IMC 层上结晶,使一开始形成的 IMC 层继续增厚,此时的 IMC层生长主要是依靠焊料中结晶析出的 Cu6Sn5 而体积小的焊点能够析出的 Cu6Sn5数量较少,随着焊点互连高度的降低,消耗的铜层厚度减少,最终生成的IMC 层也越薄3结论(1)微焊点互连高度降低,则在回流冷却阶段从焊料中析出并在界面上结晶的 Cu6Sn5数量减少,导致在界面形成的 IMC 层变薄,但 IMC 层占整个焊点的体积比例却升高 在老化过程中,互连高度越低的微焊点中的 IMC 生长速度越快,IMC 比例升高越显著(2)回流过程中,微焊点互连高度越低,则溶入液态焊料中的铜就越少,消耗的铜层厚度就越薄参考文献:1Sun Y F,Pang John H L Digital Image Correlation for solderjoint fatigue reliability in microelectronics packagesJ Microe-lectronics Reliability,2008,48:310 318 2Huang Z H,Conway P P,Jung E Reliability issues in Pb-freesolder joint miniaturizationJ Journal of Electronic Materials,2006,35(9):1761 1772 3Huang M L,Loeher T,Ostmann A Low-cost electronic packa-ging for tomorrow s application C Proceedings of the Micro-technology,Cambridge:IMAPS,2005 4Liao E B,Tay Andrew A O,Simon Fatigue and bridging studyof high-aspect-ratio multicopper-column flip-chip interconnectsthrough solder joint shape modelingJ Proceedings of Transac-tions on Components and Packaging Technologies,2006,29(3):560 569 5Huebner H,Penka S,Barchmann B,et al Microcontacts withsub-30 m pitch for 3D chip-on-chip integration J Microelec-tronic Engineering,2006,83:2155 2162 6Ho C E,Lin Y W,Yang S C Volume effect on the soldering re-action between SnAgCu solders and Ni C Proceedings of In-ternationalSymposiumonAdvancedPackagingMaterials:Processes,Properties and Interface,Irvine:IEEE,2005:39 44 7Rhee H,Guo F,Lee J G,et al Effects of intermetallic morphol-ogy at the metallic particle/solder interface on mechanical proper-ties of Sn-Ag-based solder joints J Journal of Electronic Mate-rials,2003,32(11):1257 1264 8Rizvi M J,Lu H,Bailey C,Modeling the diffusion of solid cop-per into liquid solder alloysJ Thin Solid Films,2009,517(5):1686 1689 9Lide D R,Frederikse H P R CRC Handbook of chemistry andPhysicsM Boca Raton:The Chemical Rubber CompanyPress,1996 10Frear D R,Burchett S N,Morgan H S,et al The mechanics ofsolder alloy interconnectsM New York:Van Nostrand Rein-hold,1994作者简介:王波,男,1982 年出生,博士 主要从事电子封装微连接方向的研究 发表论文 10 余篇 Email:hustwangbo gmail com通讯作者:吴丰顺,男,教授,博士研究生导师 Email:fengshun-wu mail hust edu cnMAIN TOPICS,ABSTRACTS KEY WORDS2011,Vol 32,No 12chineDU Suigeng,YANG Zhengqiang,YU Longqi(KeyLaboratory of Ministry of Education for Contemporary Design andIntegrated Manufacturing Technology,Northwestern PolytechnicalUniversity,Xian 710072,China)p 17 20Abstract:In view of the issues that the control effect ofthe load system of friction welding machine on pressure mutationphases is unsatisfactory with(proportion integration)closed-loopcontrol algorithm,the fuzzy PI control algorithm is introducedAccording to the error and its changing trend of the actual valueand the set value,the whole control process is divided into fourkinds of control intervals Based on optimizing the fuzzy controldegree,the corresponding fuzzy rules and parameters determiningmethods are developed Under the test conditions,the controleffects of four control intervals with the different control parame-ters are contrasted,the best fit coefficients of every control inter-val are obtained The performance indicators using fuzzy PI con-trol methods are better than that using traditional PI control meth-ods Under test conditions with the optimizing fuzzy control de-gree and the best fit coefficients,the maximum overshoot hasbeen reduced 19 2%,the adjust time has been reduced 1 59 s,and the steady precision has been raised 0 4%Key words:friction welding machine;computer control;fuzzy-PI;control algorithmEffect of laser on pulsed MAG arc radiationLIU Desh-en1,LI Huan1,WANG Xuyou2,WANG Wei2,GAO Ying3(1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin 300072,China;2 Harbin Welding Institu-te,Harbin 150080,China;3 Tianjin Key Laboratory of HighSpeed Cutting and Precision Machining,Tianjin University ofTechnology and Education,Tianjin 300222,China)p 21 24Abstract:The laser-pulsed MAG hybrid welding systemand acquisition system were set up to get the electric signal andarc spectrum under the conditions with and without laser To an-alyze the relationship between arc energy input and the spectralradiation intensity of FeII274 648,FeI382 043,FeI492 050and ArI801 479 using the method of linear fit Studies haveshown that the spectral radiation intensity of the four featurespectrum lines are proportion to arc energy input With the samearc energy input,the arc radiation intensity of hybrid welding issmaller than the one of pulsed MAG welding This is because themetal vapor and plasma produced by laser may absorb the arcplasma radiationKey words:laser hybrid welding;energy input;radiationintensity;linear fitMicrostructure of solder joints with micron stand-off heightin electronic packagingWANG Bo1,2,MO Liping1,WUFengshun1,2,XIA Weisheng1,WU Yiping1,2(1 State Key La-boratory of Material Processing and Die Mould Technology,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430074,China;2 Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectron-ics,Wuhan 430074,China)p 25 28Abstract:In present paper the microstructural changewas studied when the stand-off height(SOH)of solder jointswith Cu/Sn/Cu sandwich structure was reduced from 100 m to50 m,20 m and 10 m With the reducing stand-off height,the Cu content increases in the solder bulk,and the Cu6Sn5in-termetallic layer formed at both sides decreases in thickness;while the proportion of IMC thickness to solder joint stand-offheight increases The thickness of the copper layer consumed bysolder joints with different stand-off heights was calculated ac-cording to the formed IMC layer and Cu content in the solderbulk It is found that the consumed copper thickness decreaseswith the reducing stand-off height In the aging,the solder jointwith lower SOH increases faster in IMC thickness and IMC pro-portion,leading to more dramatic microstructural changeKey words:electronic packaging solder joint;stand-offheight;micro structureMorphologies and growth mechanism of TiN in ceramic sur-face layers prepared by nitrogen arcZHENG Xiaoyi1,CONG Dazhi2,LI Xin1,ZHAO Lei1,LI Yuhua1,REN Zhenan1(1 College of Materials Science and Engineering,Jilin Univer-sity,Changchun 130022,China;2 Shanghai Nuclear Engineer-ing Research Design Institute,Shanghai 200233,China)p 29 32Abstract:The titanium nitride(TiN)ceramic surfacelayers were in-situ prepared by nitrogen arc melting on the sur-face of pure titanium substrates The formation mechanism of theceramic layers,the growth morphologies and mechanism of theTiN phase were investigated The results show that the nitrogenarc melting is a non-equilibrium rapid cooling process and thecooling rate can be as high as 102103K/s The micro growthmodes of the TiN phase in ceramic surface layers exhibit the di-versity The TiN crystal grows up by the spiral dislocation lateralgrowth mode at the location of low undercooling in the moltenpool Because of the undercooling increased at the bottom of themolten pool,the micro growth mode changes to the alternatingbetween the continuous growth and the lateral growthKey words:nitrogen arc;titanium nitride;morphology;growth mechanismBonding mechanism of brazing of amorphous Cu-P fillermetalZOU Jiasheng,WANG Chao,XU Xiangping,WANGLei(Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Welding Technology,Jian-gsu University of Science and Technology,Zhenjiang 212003,China)p 33 36Abstract:The copper joints were brazed with CuP 7 7Sn5 4Ni14Si0 2Zr0 04 amorphous filler metal conventional fillermetal respectively The effect of the brazing temperature andtime on the crystalline composition and microstructure of jointsbrazed with the amorphous brazing filler metal were comparedand analyzed by micro-method The results showed that the jointsbrazed with CuP7 7Sn5 4Ni14Si0 2Zr0 04 amorphous brazingfiller metal consist of centre zone,interface area and diffusionzone With the increase of brazing temperature and brazing hold-ing time,the interface area brazed with both amorphous and con-ventional filler metal increases,and the microstructures of basemetal and brazinrg seam centre zone would be coarsed Exces-sively high brazing temperature or long brazing holding time willproduce brittle phase,but this effect on amorphous filler metalsis much smaller Under the same conditions,amorphous fillermetals interact with the base metal much more intensely than thecorresponding conventional filler metals The microstructure ininterface area and centre zone of amorphous brazing seam are evi-dently uniform and smallKey words:Cu-P based filler metal;amorphous filler
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