定语从句的用法常见错误解析--讲义--高考英语备考.docx

定语从句的用法常见错制析讲义
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的关系词有关 系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as等，在从句 中做主语、宾语或定语等;关系副词有when, where, why,在从句中做状语。在语法填 空和短文改错等题型中均涉及对定语从句的考查。其用法比拟复杂，使用时很容易出错。 本文对定语从句的常见错误加以解析，以期对同学们有所帮助。
一、关系词之间的混用
1 .关系代词与关系副词的混用
例 1 ： I've never heard of such a sport
participants who use the most time are awarded gold medals.
A. as B. which
C. whose D. where
【解析】句意：我从来没有听说过这样一种运动，在这种运动中，用时最多的参赛者 得到金牌。先行词such a sport在定语从句中充当地点状语，用where引导定语从句， where=in whicho 应选 D。
【结论】关系词的选择是看先行词在从句中所充当的成分，如果充当主语、宾语或定 语用关系代词;做状语用关系副词。
近年来，高考题对于where引导定语从句的考查趋于复杂化，先行词从“明显的地点' 转化为“模糊的地点”。领先行词表示某人/物的station,或某事所开展的stage和point, 或表达某事的某个方面时，都可用where这个关系副词。
例 2： Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not fullsentences.
A. why B. where
C. which D. what
【解析】句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences 是定语从句，先行词 the stage 在从句中做 地点状语，用关系副词where,应选B。
例 3： She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students allows them tocommunicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where
C. what D. who
【解析】分析句子结构可知，allows them to communicate freely with each other 修饰先行词atmosphere,允许他们互相自由交流的气氛，且从句中缺少主语，应选A。而 不要想当然地认为定语从句前的名词her students就是先行词，误选D。句意：她拥有为 她的学生创造一种允许他们相互自由交流的气氛的天赋。
【结论】定语从句往往紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他成分别离，应结合具体语 境找出先行词。 如：Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship. 先行词student和定语从句被介词短语“in his class”隔开，汤姆是他班里第一个获得奖学金 的学生。
例 4： Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where
C. which D. whose
【解析】斯蒂芬•霍金言忍为地球不可能是唯一的生命逐渐开展的星球。—life has developed gradually修饰先行词the only planet,先行词在从句中充当地点状语，所以选 B项，where引导定语从句，相当于in which。如果选whose,就是星球的生命在逐渐发 展，而不是地球上的生命体，这与常识相矛盾。
【结论】关系词的选择要结合具体的语境和常识。
2.关系代词which和whose的混用
例 1 ： Look! The dictionary, is red, is a birthday gift given by his father.
A. which cover
B. the cover of which
C. who's the cover
D. that the cover
【解析】句意：看！红色封皮的字典是他父亲给他的生日礼物。字典与封皮是所属关 系，所以用whose做定语来修饰cover,中间不能加the, C项是错误的。答案B项等于 whose cover0
【结论】关系代词which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而关系代词whose在定语从 句中做定语，两者可以互换：the cover of which=of which the cover=whose cover0
例 2： When the Spring Festival comes, there are many “sales“ in my city, during time stores will lower their normal prices.
A. whoseB. that
C. whichD. its
【解析】句意：当春节来临时，城里会有很多促销活动，那时店铺往往会降低正常的 价格。which time指代先行词the Spring Festival,前面加介词during,表示在“春节期间”， during which time在从句中做时间状语,应选C。
【结论】whose在定语从句中做定语，翻译成“……的”;which在定语从句中除了做主 语或宾语外，还可以做定语，翻译成‘那个（种）”。例如：
I may have to work late, in which case I'll telephone.我可能得晚点下班，那样我会 打 的。
3 .只可以用关系代词that的地方混用了其他关系代词
例： You may search on the Internet for professors and their courses about the university may interest you.
【解析】句意：你可以在网上搜索这所大学中你可能感兴趣的教授和他们的课程信息。 分析句子结构可知，先行词为professors and their courses,既有人又有物，且在从句中 做主语，关系词中只有that能满足这个要求，故填that。
【结论】领先行词既包括人又包括物时，关系代词只能用thato另外，领先行词是all, something, everything, anything 等不定代词时或者先行词被 the only, the very, all, much, little, few, any等修饰或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时，关系代词只能用 thato
4 .不能用关系代词that的地方误用了 that
例： Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
【解析】句意：Ted仅穿着短裤和T恤来过周末，在这种天气下这样做真愚蠢。—is a stupid thing to do in such weather是非限制性定语从句，该从句缺主语，选项A和选项 C不能引导定语从句，选项B不能引导非限制性定语从句，故答案选D, which指代主句 所表达的含义。
【结论】非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。此外，在“介词+关系代词”引导的 定语从句中，也不能用thato
二、人称代词与关系代词的混用
例 1 ： My father bought me several books, but was interesting.
A. most of them B. none of them
C. none of which D. that
【解析】句意：父亲给我买了几本书，但没有一本有趣。该句是由but连接的并列句, 而不是非限制性定语从句。but后面的句子少主语，所以选B。假设将but去掉，此题就成了 “不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，这时就要选Co
例 2： English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of uses itsomewhat differently .
A. whichB. what
C. themD. those
【解析】英语是一种被多种文化提供的语言，每一种文化在使用它时都有某些不同。 分析句子结构可知，each of uses it somewhat differently是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺主语，所以要用which代替cultures,应选A。
【结论】非限制性定语从句和主句要用逗号分开，而不用连词或分号。
三、关系词的漏用
例 1 ： We are in a difficult situation,
we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors.
A. if B. where
C. where if D. if where
【解析】句意：我伤现在处于如果不开发新产品就会关门的艰难处境中。―we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors 是非限制性定语从句，对先行词 a difficult situation进行补充说明。先行词在从句中做地点状语,用where引导,不可以省 略;同时定语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句，应选Co
【结论】引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词常不可以省略。
但是在限制性定语从句中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略。例如：
The professor （that / who / whom） you wish to see has come.如果把介词置于关 系代词之前，形成“介词+关系代词”引导定语从例句，此时做介词宾语的关系代词不可省略。 例如：This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
四、成分重复
例： （改错题） Could you show me the computer you want to have it repaired?
【解析】句意:你能给我看看你要修的电脑吗？ you want to have repaired是定语从 句，修饰computer,关系代词that或which指代computer,做have （使,让）的宾语， 被省略了。所以答案是划掉忆如果不划掉匕 那就和that或which重复了。
【结论】关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中所代替的局部，不可在从句中再出现。
五、主谓不一致
例 1 ：（改错题）1. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draws lots of visitors every year.
例 2：（改错题）2. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that are seen from the moon.
【解析】错题1中的关系代词that是指代buildings,从句中的谓语应该用复数，所以 draws去掉s。句意：长城是每年吸引很多游客的世界著名建筑物之一。错题2的先行词 是the only one,所以定语从句谓语用单数形式，将are改为is。句意：长城是唯一一个从 月球上被看得到的地球上的建筑物。
【结论】关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称 和数保持一致。另外，如果先行词指代整个主句，定语从句的谓语动词也用单数。如：He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.
六、定语从句与其他从句的混用
1 .定语从句与名词性从句的混用
例 1 ： I'm interested in you have said.
A. all that B. all what
C. that D. which
【解析】what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。that引导定语从句，修饰先 行词all,应选A。该句可以改成：I'm interested in what you have said., what从句充当介 词in的宾语。
例 2：（语法填空）is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
【解析】该题前后两个句子没有连接词，结合语境可知，第一句为定语从句，空格处 需要一个能充当从句主语且指代主句所表达含义的关系代词，又因在句首，只能用as且要 大写。该题可改成：It is known to all that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life., it是形式主语，that从句为主语从句;也可改成：What is known to all is that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life., what is known to all 是主语从句， that引导表语从句。
例 3： Most people have no idea the words they use affect their feelings,experiences and behavior.
A. whatB. which
C. whoD. that
【解析】idea后的从句可能是定语从句，也可能是同位语从句。定语从句是对先行词 进行修饰限制，而同位语从句是对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明其内容。根据句意，该 题是同位语从句，且从句不缺少句子成分。what, which和who在同位语从句中要充当 某一成分，而that引导同位语从句时，不充当句子成分，应选D。
2 .定语从句与状语从句的混用
例：Here is so difficult a problem none of us can solve.
A. which B. that
C. as D. what
【解析】如果先行词被the same, such, as, s。所修饰，先行词在定语从句中充 当主语或宾语等时，那么用关系代词as引导定语从句。none of us can solve缺少宾语，其 先行词又被so修饰，应选C项，as充当solve的宾语。如果选that,该句就是so... that句 型，that从句不能缺少成分，所以solve要加上it。句意：这是一道我们都不能解决的难题。
3 .定语从句与强调句型的混用
例 1 ： Is it that museum they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan ?
A. that B. which
C. where D. as
【解析】强调句的结构是：ltis/was+被强调局部+that+句子其他成分。判断强调句的 基本方法是：去掉Itis/was和空格，句子是完整的;否那么就不是。此题去掉Itis/was和空 格后，句子是完整的，所以是强调句型，应选A。句意：他们在日本旅行期间想参观的是 那家博物馆吗？
例 2： It was April 29, 2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A. that B. when
C. since D. before
【解析】去掉It was和空格，句子不完整，April 29, 2011前要加介晋司。n,所以本 句不是强调句。April 29, 2011为定语从句的先行词，定语从句缺少时间状语，故答案选 Bo句意：2011年4月29日，威廉王子与凯特・米德尔顿步入了婚礼殿堂。