微生物学第一章.pdf

MICROBIOLOGYMultimedia-aided TeachingInstructor:Wei Yahong卫卫 亚亚 红红Course PlanCourse Plan1.Class Teaching(56 class hours)2.Experiments(32 class hours)Course PlanCourse PlanClass Teaching(56 class hours)70%of total scores:final examination20%of total scores:presentation10%of total scores:paperReferencesReferencesl微生物学教程微生物学教程（第第1版版、第第2版版、第第3版版）周德庆周德庆高等教育出版社高等教育出版社1996、2002、2011年年l微生物学微生物学（第第1版版）沈沈 萍萍高等高等教育出版社教育出版社 2000年年l微生物学微生物学（第第2版版）沈萍沈萍 陈向东陈向东高等教育出版社高等教育出版社 2006年年l微生物学微生物学 薛泉宏薛泉宏世界图书出版公世界图书出版公司司 2000年年l微生物学微生物学（第五版第五版）李阜棣李阜棣、胡正胡正嘉嘉 中国农业出版社中国农业出版社 2000年年ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferenceslFundamentals of Microbiology(Third edition)1991lFermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology 1999lMicrobiology(Fifth edition)影印版影印版Higher Education Press 2002l微生物学微生物学（第第5版版）中文版中文版沈沈 萍萍、彭珍荣主译彭珍荣主译 高等教育出版社高等教育出版社 2003年年ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferenceslBrock Biology of Microorganisms(Twelfth edition)lhttp:/www.aw- websiteUseful websitel科学网网址科学网网址：lhttp:/l微生物研究所网站微生物研究所网站：Further readingsFurther readingsl微生物学报微生物学报l微生物学通报微生物学通报l菌物学报菌物学报l生物工程学报生物工程学报l1982年创刊年创刊真菌学报真菌学报1997年更名为年更名为菌物系统菌物系统2004年更名为年更名为菌物学报菌物学报主管主管：中国科学院中国科学院主办主办：中国科学院微生物研究所中国科学院微生物研究所中国菌物学会中国菌物学会Further readingsFurther readingsChapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiologyl1-1 The scope of microbiologyl1-2 The history of microbiology1 1-1 1 The scope of microbiologyThe scope of microbiology一、microorganisms1.Members of the microbial world微生物界的成员微生物界的成员2.Microbial Taxonomy 分类学分类学3.Features 特点特点*二二、Microbiology内容内容，与农业的关系与农业的关系MicroorganismsMicroorganisms1.Members of the microbial world无细胞无细胞:病毒病毒，亚病毒亚病毒（类病毒类病毒、拟病毒拟病毒、朊病毒朊病毒)生物生物原核原核：细菌细菌、放线菌放线菌、蓝细菌蓝细菌、立克次氏体立克次氏体、支原体支原体、衣原体衣原体有细胞有细胞真核真核：真菌真菌（酵母菌酵母菌、霉菌霉菌、菇类菇类）单细胞藻类单细胞藻类、原生动物原生动物、高等动植物高等动植物acellularmicroorganismscellular organismsprocaryotic cellseucaryotic cellsVirus 病毒病毒subvirus亚病毒亚病毒viroidvirusoidprionorganismsSee the figure“非典型肺炎非典型肺炎”(SARS)元凶冠状病毒图元凶冠状病毒图甲型甲型H1N1H1N1流感病毒流感病毒甲型甲型H1N1H1N1流感病毒流感病毒H 血凝素血凝素N 神经氨酸酶神经氨酸酶eucaryotic cellsfungi真菌真菌（yeast酵母菌酵母菌、mold霉菌霉菌、mushroom蕈菌蕈菌）algae显微藻类显微藻类、protozoa原生动物原生动物、plants、animalsprocaryotic cellsbacteria细菌细菌、actinomycete放线菌放线菌、cyanobacteria（blue algae）蓝细蓝细菌菌、mycoplasma支原体支原体、rickettsia立克次氏体立克次氏体、chlamydia衣原体衣原体cellular organisms1 1-1 1 The scope of microbiologyThe scope of microbiology一、microorganisms1.Members of the microbial world微生物界的成员微生物界的成员2.Microbial Taxonomy 分类学分类学3.Features 特点特点二二、Microbiology内容内容，与农业的关系与农业的关系Fig.19.2 澳澳大利亚鲨鱼大利亚鲨鱼湾的湾的叠层石叠层石是由矿物质是由矿物质与微生物垫与微生物垫结合形成的结合形成的层岩石层岩石。该该化石表明微化石表明微生物在地球生物在地球史上早已存史上早已存在在。stromatolitesMicrobial evolution and diversityFig.19.1 Fossilized Bacteria 细菌化石细菌化石It has been estimated that our planet is about 4.6 billion years old.Fossilized remains of procaryotic cells around 3.5 to 3.8 billion years old have been discovered in stromatolites（叠叠层石层石）and sedimentary rocks（沉积岩沉积岩）.In order to make sense of the diversity of organisms，it is necessary to group similar organisms together and organize these groups in a nonoverlapping（不相重叠不相重叠）hierarchical arrangement.Taxonomy is the science of biological classification.Fig.19.3 Universal phylogenetic tree 普遍性系统发育树普遍性系统发育树（这些亲缘关系根据这些亲缘关系根据 rRNA 序列比较来决定序列比较来决定）细菌细菌古生菌古生菌真核生物真核生物Fig.19.4 Hierarchical arrangement in taxonomy分类学的分类等级排列分类学的分类等级排列志贺氏菌属志贺氏菌属An Example of Taxonomic Ranks and NamesRank等级等级Example 举例举例Domain 域域Bacteria 细菌细菌Phylum 门门Proteobacteria 变形杆菌门变形杆菌门*Class 纲纲g g-proteobacteria g g-变形杆菌变形杆菌*Order 目目Enterobacteriales 肠杆菌目肠杆菌目Family 科科Enterobacteriaceae 肠杆菌科肠杆菌科Genus 属属Shigella 志贺氏菌属志贺氏菌属Species 种种S.Dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌痢疾志贺氏菌*朊细菌门朊细菌门,g g-朊细菌朊细菌(周德庆第二版周德庆第二版)The major division of life生物的主要划分生物的主要划分Since the beginning of biology,organisms have been classified as either plants or animals.However discoveries in microbiology over the past century have shown that the two-kingdom system is oversimplified.The major division of life生物的主要划分生物的主要划分Although not all biologists would agree,most microbiologists now believe that living forms can be divided into three distinctly different groups.The major division of life生物的主要划分生物的主要划分Domains域域:Archaea 古生菌域古生菌域,Bacteria细菌域细菌域,and Eucarya真核生物域真核生物域(Carl Woese and his collaborators，1970s)The major division of life生物的主要划分生物的主要划分Kingdoms界界:While most bacteriologists细菌学家细菌学家favor the three-domain system,many protozoologists原生生物学家原生生物学家,botanists植物学家植物学家,and zoologists动物学家动物学家 still think in terms of five or more kingdoms.The major division of life生物的主要划分生物的主要划分Kingdoms 界界:Robert H.Whittaker(1960s):five-kingdom systemCavalier-Smith:eight-kingdom systemFive-kingdom system(Whittaker)植物界植物界真菌界真菌界动物界动物界原生生物界原生生物界原核生物界原核生物界Eight-kingdom system(Cavalier-Smith)植物界植物界着色生物界着色生物界真菌界真菌界动物界动物界原生动物界原生动物界古始动物界古始动物界古细菌类古细菌类真细菌类真细菌类Classification systems分类系统分类系统The most desirable classification system,called a natural classification,arranges organisms into groups whose members share many characteristics and reflects as much as possible the biological nature of organisms.Linnaeus(林奈林奈)developed the first natural classification,based largely on anatomical（解剖学的解剖学的）characteristics,in the middle of the eighteenth century.Classification systems分类系统分类系统Phenetic classification（表征分表征分类类）Numerical Taxonomy（数值分类数值分类）Phylogenetic classification（系系统发育分类统发育分类）Classification systemsMajor Characteristics Used in TaxonomyClassical characteristics经典特征经典特征Molecular characteristics分子特征分子特征Classical characteristicsMorphological characteristics形态特征形态特征Physiological and metabolic characteristics生理和代谢特征生理和代谢特征Ecological characteristics生态特征生态特征Genetic analysis遗传分析遗传分析Molecular characteristics Comparison of proteins蛋白质的比较蛋白质的比较Nucleic acid base composition核酸碱基组成核酸碱基组成Nucleic acid hybridization核酸杂交核酸杂交Nucleic acid sequencing核酸测序核酸测序1 1-1 1 The scope of microbiologyThe scope of microbiology一、microorganisms1.Members of the microbial world微生微生物界的成员物界的成员2.Microbial Taxonomy 分类学分类学3.Features 特点特点二二、Microbiology内容内容，与农业的关系与农业的关系（1）体积小体积小，面积大面积大（2）吸收多吸收多，转化快转化快（3）生长旺生长旺，繁殖快繁殖快（4）适应强适应强，易变异易变异（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多3.Features 特点特点个体小个体小:t 杆菌的平均长度杆菌的平均长度：2 微米微米；t 1500个杆菌首尾相连个杆菌首尾相连=一粒芝麻的长度一粒芝麻的长度；t 10-100亿个细菌加起来重量亿个细菌加起来重量=1毫克毫克t 面积面积/体积比体积比：人人=1，大肠杆菌大肠杆菌=30万万；这样大的比表面积特别有利于它们和周围环这样大的比表面积特别有利于它们和周围环境进行物质境进行物质、能量能量、信息的交换信息的交换。微生物的其它很微生物的其它很多属性都和这一特点密切相关多属性都和这一特点密切相关。Fig.29.5 Thiomargaritanamibiensis,the worlds known largest bacterium.纳米比亚硫珍珠纳米比亚硫珍珠状菌状菌 世界上已世界上已知最大的细菌知最大的细菌。德国科学家德国科学家Heidi Schulz等等1997年在纳米比亚海岸的海底沉积物年在纳米比亚海岸的海底沉积物中发现的一种硫磺细菌中发现的一种硫磺细菌（sulfur bacterium），），其大小可达其大小可达0.75 mm。Thiomargarita namibiensis 纳米比亚硫珍珠状菌纳米比亚硫珍珠状菌（1）体积小体积小，面积大面积大（2）吸收多吸收多，转化快转化快（3）生长旺生长旺，繁殖快繁殖快（4）适应强适应强，易变异易变异（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多3.Features 特点特点（1）体积小体积小，面积大面积大（2）吸收多吸收多，转化快转化快（3）生长旺生长旺，繁殖快繁殖快（4）适应强适应强，易变异易变异（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多3.Features 特点特点24小时小时：繁殖繁殖72代代，272即即4.7x1021个后代个后代，重量重量达达4.7x105kg;48小时小时：2.2x10 43个后代个后代，重量达重量达2.2x10 28kg大肠杆菌一个细胞重约大肠杆菌一个细胞重约10 12克克，平均平均20分钟繁殖一代分钟繁殖一代一头一头500 kg的食用公牛的食用公牛，24小时生产小时生产 0.5 kg蛋白质蛋白质,而同样重量的酵母菌而同样重量的酵母菌，以质量较次的糖液以质量较次的糖液（如糖蜜如糖蜜）和氨水为原料和氨水为原料，24小时可以生产小时可以生产 50000 kg优质蛋白质优质蛋白质。（1）体积小体积小，面积大面积大（2）吸收多吸收多，转化快转化快（3）生长旺生长旺，繁殖快繁殖快（4）适应强适应强，易变异易变异（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多3.Features 特点特点易变异易变异个体小个体小、结构简结构简、且多与外界环境直接接触且多与外界环境直接接触繁殖快繁殖快、数量多数量多短时间内产生大量的变异后代短时间内产生大量的变异后代突变率突变率：10-5 10-10易变异易变异青霉素的生产青霉素的生产20单位单位/mL（1943）10000单位单位/mL青霉素的用量青霉素的用量最高最高：10万单位万单位/天天（40年代年代）数百万数百万-千万单位千万单位/次次细菌抗药性的产生细菌抗药性的产生（1）体积小体积小，面积大面积大（2）吸收多吸收多，转化快转化快（3）生长旺生长旺，繁殖快繁殖快（4）适应强适应强，易变异易变异（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多3.Features 特点特点t物种的多样性物种的多样性t生理代谢类型多生理代谢类型多t代谢产物种类多代谢产物种类多t遗传基因的多样性遗传基因的多样性t生态类型的多样性生态类型的多样性（5）分布广分布广，种类多种类多虽然目前已定种的微生物只有大约虽然目前已定种的微生物只有大约10万种万种，远较动植物为少远较动植物为少，但一般认为目前为人类所发现的微生物还不到自然界中微生物但一般认为目前为人类所发现的微生物还不到自然界中微生物总数的总数的1%Fig.28.33 microorganisms growing in extreme environments 生长在极端环境中的微生物生长在极端环境中的微生物嗜盐菌嗜盐菌嗜酸菌嗜酸菌嗜热菌嗜热菌Fig.28.34 Massive growth of the extreme acidophile ferroplasma in a California mine 加利福尼亚矿井中极端加利福尼亚矿井中极端嗜酸菌铁原体的大量生长嗜酸菌铁原体的大量生长每张纸币约带每张纸币约带细菌细菌900万个万个每个喷嚏的飞沫含每个喷嚏的飞沫含4500-150000个细个细菌菌，重感冒患者约重感冒患者约为为8500万个万个。体表及体内微生物体表及体内微生物皮肤表面皮肤表面：平均平均10万万个细菌个细菌/平方厘米平方厘米；口腔口腔：细菌种类超过细菌种类超过500种种；肠道肠道：微生物总量达微生物总量达100万亿万亿，粪便干重的粪便干重的1/3是细是细菌菌，每克粪便的细菌每克粪便的细菌总数为总数为：1000亿个亿个lDiseases lInfections传染传染lFood Spoilage lOnly 1%of all known bacteria cause human diseases lAbout 4%of all known bacteria cause plant diseases l95%of known bacteria are non-pathogens 病原体病原体1 1-1 1 The scope of microbiologyThe scope of microbiology一、microorganisms1.Members of the microbial world微生微生物界的成员物界的成员2.Microbial Taxonomy 分类学分类学3.Features 特点特点二二、Microbiology内容内容，与农业的关系与农业的关系二二、Microbiology1、Concepts&contents 微生物学的概念微生物学的概念和研究内容和研究内容2、微生物与农业的关系微生物与农业的关系（1）参与自然界碳参与自然界碳、氮等元素的物质循环氮等元素的物质循环（2）根际微生物根际微生物（3）对化肥对化肥、农药的降解农药的降解（4）利用微生物加工农副产品利用微生物加工农副产品（5）微生物农药微生物农药：苏云金芽孢杆菌苏云金芽孢杆菌Chapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiologyl1-1 The scope of microbiologyl1-2 The history of microbiologyChapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiology1-2 The history of microbiology一一、我国古代对微生物的认识与利用我国古代对微生物的认识与利用（了解了解）项目项目国内国内国外国外食品工业食品工业（酿酒酿酒）酒具酒具；商朝时甲骨文中商朝时甲骨文中有酒的象形字有酒的象形字；公元前公元前14世纪世纪，书纪书纪说明当时已知接种说明当时已知接种。公元前公元前2000年埃及酿造年埃及酿造葡萄酒葡萄酒。酿醋酿醋春秋战国时开始酿醋春秋战国时开始酿醋，北魏时北魏时齐民要术齐民要术记记载了载了33种制酢法种制酢法。1897年年Buchner发现发现菌滤液能使糖菌滤液能使糖发酵为酒精发酵为酒精。项目项目国内国内国外国外酿酱油酿酱油周朝酿酱油已相当发达周朝酿酱油已相当发达，齐民要术齐民要术记载酿造需记载酿造需接种接种“黄衣黄衣”。1860年年Pasteur提出提出“发酵的微生物发酵的微生物学说学说”。农业农业（绿肥绿肥与轮作与轮作）公元前公元前1世纪世纪范胜之书范胜之书记载肥田要熟粪记载肥田要熟粪，瓜与小瓜与小豆轮作豆轮作。1703年年，英国英国施行施行“诺福克诺福克”轮作制轮作制。1-2 The history of microbiology一一、我国古代对微生物的认识与利用我国古代对微生物的认识与利用（了解了解）Chapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiology项目项目国内国内国外国外医药医药（种痘种痘预防天花预防天花）宋真宗年间宋真宗年间，医宗金鉴医宗金鉴记载医生为丞相之子种记载医生为丞相之子种“人人痘痘”。明朝隆庆年间已广为明朝隆庆年间已广为流传流传。1796年年，英国英国乡村医生乡村医生Jenner用牛痘用牛痘预防天花预防天花。细菌冶金细菌冶金公元公元1034年年，宋仁宗期宋仁宗期间间，许申以许申以Fe化化Cu。1670年年，西班西班牙人里奥廷托牙人里奥廷托被誉为细菌炼被誉为细菌炼铜的创始人铜的创始人。1-2 The history of microbiology一一、我国古代对微生物的认识与利用我国古代对微生物的认识与利用（了解了解）Chapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiology二二、微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基1、morphological stage形态学阶段形态学阶段1684年年，荷兰商人荷兰商人Antony Van Leeuwenhoek（列文虎克列文虎克）(1632-1723)发明了能放大发明了能放大200-300倍的简单显微镜倍的简单显微镜。将看到的微小生物进行了描述将看到的微小生物进行了描述发表在英国发表在英国皇家学会科学研究会报皇家学会科学研究会报上上。l(a)Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his microscopes.(b)A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens.(c)Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.本时期的代表人物本时期的代表人物法国人法国人 巴斯德巴斯德Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)德国人德国人 柯赫柯赫Robert Koch(1843-1910)二二、微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基2、physiological stage生理学阶段生理学阶段Louis Pasteur one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century,maintained that“Science knows no country,because knowledge belongs to humanity,and is a torch which illuminates the world.”Pasteurs swan neck flasks 巴斯德的曲颈瓶巴斯德的曲颈瓶本时期的代表人物本时期的代表人物法国人法国人 巴斯德巴斯德Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)德国人德国人 科赫科赫Robert Koch(1843-1910)二二、微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基微生物的发现与微生物学的奠基2、physiological stage生理学阶段生理学阶段Robert Koch examining a specimen in his laboratory.He was a German physician.a）细菌纯培养方法的建立细菌纯培养方法的建立土豆切面土豆切面 营养明胶营养明胶营养琼脂营养琼脂（平皿平皿）（1）微生物学基本操作技术方面的贡献微生物学基本操作技术方面的贡献b）设计了各种培养基设计了各种培养基，实现了在实验室内对各种微生物的培养实现了在实验室内对各种微生物的培养c）染色观察和显微摄影染色观察和显微摄影德国人德国人 科赫科赫Robert Koch（2）分离到多种传染病的病原菌分离到多种传染病的病原菌。（3）kochs postulates 柯赫法则柯赫法则1-2 The history of microbiology三三、The development of microbiology四四、The future of microbiology Chapter I IChapter I Introduction to ntroduction to MicrobiologyMicrobiologyThe Future of MicrobiologyThe Future of Microbiology1.New infectious diseases are continually arising and old diseases are once again becoming widespread and destructive.AIDS,hemorrhagic fevers,and tuberculosis are excellent examples of new and reemerging infectious diseases.Microbiologists will have to respond to these threats,many of them presently unknown.2.Microbiologists must find ways to stop the spread of established infectious diseases.Increase in antibiotic resistance will be a continuing problem,particularly the spread of multiple drug resistance that can render a pathogen impervious to current medical treatment.Microbiologists have to create new drugs and find ways to slow or prevent the spread of drug resistance.New vaccines must be developed to protect against diseases such as AIDS.It will be necessary to use techniques in molecular biology an recombinant DNA technology to solve these problems.3.Research is needed on the association between infectious agents and chronic diseases such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.It may be that some of these chronic afflictions partly result from infections.4.We are only now beginning to understand how pathogens interact with host cells and the ways in which diseases arise.There also is much to learn about how the host resists pathogen invasions.5.Microorganisms are increasingly important in industry and environmental control,and we must learn how to use them in a variety of new ways.For example,microorganisms can (a)serve as sources of high-quality food and other practical products such as enzymes for industrial applications,(b)degrade pollutants and toxic wastes,and(c)be used as vectors to treat diseases and enhance agricultural productivity.There also is a continuing need to protect food and crops from microbial damage.6.Microbial diversity is another area requiring considerable research.Indeed,it is estimated that less than 1%of the earths microbial population has been cultured.We must develop new isolation techniques and an adequate classification of microorganisms,one which includes those microbes that cannot be cultivated in the laboratory.Much work needs to be done on microorganisms living in extreme environments.The discovery of new microorganisms may well lead to future advances in industrial processes and enhanced environmental control.7.Microbial communities often live in biofilms,and these biofilms are of profound importance in both medicine and microbial ecology.Research on biofilms is in its infancy;it will be many years before we more fully understand their nature and are able to use our knowledge in practical ways.In general,microbe-microbe interactions have not yet been extensively explored.8.The genomes of many microorganisms already have been sequenced,and many more will be determined in the coming years.These sequences are ideal for learning how the genome is related to cell structure and what the minimum associated of genes necessary for life is.Analysis of the genome and its activity will require continuing advances in the field of bioinformatics and the yseof computers to investigate biological problems.9.Further research on unusual microorganisms and microbial ecology will lead to a better understanding of the interactions between microorganisms and the inanimate world.Among other things,this understanding should enable us to more effectively control pollution.Similarity,it has become clear that microorganisms are essential partners knowledge of symbiotic relationships.Greater knowledge of symbiotic relationships can help improve our appreciation of the living world.It also will lead to improvements in the health of plants,livestock,and humans.10.Because of their relative simplicity,microorganisms are excellent subjects for the study of a variety of fundamental