微生物学第一章细菌的形态与结构.pptx

Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉第一篇 微生物学基础 第一章 细菌的形态与结构 Bacterial Morphology and Structure Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌（bacterium）概况n概念：u广义：泛指各类原核细胞型微生物包括细菌、放线菌、支原体、衣原体、立克次体、螺旋体 u狭义：专指细菌指真细菌（eubacteria）的一种，即通常所说的细菌Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉第一节 细菌的大小与形态n大小u计量单位是微米（m）n染色u革兰染色法n形态u球形u杆形u螺形光学显微镜光学显微镜Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌的大小与形态n大多数球菌直径约为1.0mn大多数杆菌长约2-3m，直径0.3-0.5m大肠埃希菌大肠埃希菌 霍乱弧菌霍乱弧菌链球菌链球菌 Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉第二节 细菌的结构n基本结构：核质、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁n特殊结构：鞭毛、菌毛、芽胞、荚膜Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉 细胞壁（cell wall)重要成分：肽聚糖肽聚糖组成：聚糖骨架 四肽侧链 五肽交联桥（G-菌无）原核细胞特有G+菌与G-菌不同Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰阳性菌细胞壁的肽聚糖结构Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰阳性菌细胞壁的肽聚糖结构Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰阴性菌细胞壁的肽聚糖结构Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉G+菌与G-菌肽聚糖结构比较Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰阳性菌细胞壁结构肽聚糖（1550）磷壁酸 壁磷壁酸 膜磷壁酸特殊表面蛋白（某些细菌）Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰阴性菌细胞壁结构肽聚糖层肽聚糖层（12）外膜外膜 脂蛋白脂蛋白 脂质双层脂质双层 脂多糖脂多糖 脂质脂质A 核心多糖核心多糖 特异多糖特异多糖Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉G+菌与G-菌细胞壁结构比较Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉G+菌与G-菌细胞壁结构比较细胞壁结构细胞壁结构G+菌菌 G-菌菌 强度强度坚韧坚韧疏松疏松厚度厚度 (2080 nm)厚厚(1015nm)薄薄肽聚糖层数、含量肽聚糖层数、含量 (1550)多多 (12)少少糖类含量糖类含量多多少少脂类含量脂类含量少少 多多 磷壁酸磷壁酸+-外膜外膜-+Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细胞壁的功能n维持菌体外形n抵抗低渗环境 n营养摄取和物质交换n抗原性 n与致病性有关Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细胞壁缺陷型（细菌L型）n细胞壁肽聚糖结构受到理化或生物因素直接破坏或合成被抑制的细菌在高渗环境下仍能够存活者 原生质体 protoplast 原生质球 spheroplast n高度多形性、染色不均、营养要求高、生长缓 慢、油煎蛋状菌落、可回复原菌、可仍有致病性等n某些L型引起慢性感染Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细胞膜（cell membrane）n半透性薄膜n功能u渗透和运输作用u分泌水解酶 u呼吸作用u生物合成u参与细菌分裂Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉核质（nuclear material）n双股环状DNA分子组成n球形、棒状或哑状n化学组成uDNA，RNA和蛋白质Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细胞质/浆（cytoplasm）n核糖体n质粒n胞质颗粒n中介体核糖体质粒胞质颗粒中介体核质Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉核糖体（ribosome）n沉降系数为70S，由50S和30S亚基组成Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉 质粒（plasmid）n概念u染色体外的遗传物质，为双股环状DNA，可携带某些遗传信息，控制细菌某些特定的遗传性状。n特点Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉胞质颗粒（cytoplasmic granules）n贮藏营养物质n异染颗粒u嗜碱性强u鉴别细菌u白喉棒状杆菌Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉中介体（mesosome）n细胞膜内陷、折叠、卷曲形成的囊状n多见于G+细菌n参与细菌分裂Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉 细菌的结构n基本结构：核质、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁n特殊结构：鞭毛、菌毛、芽胞、荚膜Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌的特殊结构荚膜（capsule）n化学组成 u多糖（多肽）u形成需要能量n功能u抗吞噬作用u粘附作用龋齿u抗有害物质的损伤作用Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌的特殊结构鞭毛（flagellum）n为蛋白质n具有抗原性n细菌的运动器官n分成4类 n功能 u在液体中能自由游动u与致病性有关 u鉴定细菌和进行分类Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌的特殊结构菌毛（pilus）n多G-菌和少G+菌 n为蛋白质n菌毛蛋白有抗原性n分类u普通菌毛u性菌毛Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉细菌的特殊结构芽胞（spore）n概念n强大的抵抗力 n芽胞是否被杀死作为判断灭菌效果的指标细菌芽胞的形态Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉芽胞形成芽胞形成芽胞形成芽胞形成芽胞芽胞 细胞分裂细胞分裂 繁殖体周期繁殖体周期子代细子代细胞胞 Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉胞质颗粒胞质颗粒核糖体核糖体菌毛菌毛拟核拟核细胞壁细胞壁细胞膜细胞膜质粒质粒鞭毛鞭毛荚膜荚膜细菌结构总结细菌结构总结Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉第三节 细菌形态检查法n显微镜放大法u普通光学显微镜u电子显微镜Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉染色法n革兰染色法u在鉴别细菌、选择抗菌药物、研究细菌致病性等方面有意义 n其他染色法u单染色法、抗酸染色法、以及特殊染色法Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰染色法Gram stain结结结结 晶晶晶晶 紫紫紫紫卢戈碘液卢戈碘液卢戈碘液卢戈碘液无水乙醇无水乙醇无水乙醇无水乙醇酸性复红酸性复红酸性复红酸性复红Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉革兰染色结果比较革兰染色阳性菌（葡萄球菌）革兰染色阳性菌（葡萄球菌）革兰染色阴性菌（大肠杆菌）革兰染色阴性菌（大肠杆菌）Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉小结n细菌的大小与形态n细菌的结构u基本结构u特殊结构n细菌形态检查法u革兰染色法Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉教学大纲n掌握内容u细胞壁结构、化学组成及功能uG-菌与G+菌细胞壁的异同点及其意义u特殊结构种类、化学组成、抗原性及意义 n熟悉内容u熟悉细菌的基本形态与排列方式；测量细菌大小的单位。n了解内容u细菌形态学检查法的种类。Department of Microbiology,Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,Harbin Medical University张文莉问题n细菌的基本结构如何？n比较G-菌与G+菌细胞壁？n细菌有哪些特殊结构？其意义何在？n什么是L型细菌？其特点怎样？