独立主结构教学用.doc

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一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）　
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say. Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
He put on his sweater wrong side out.
The meeting over, they all went home.
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

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7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数,习惯上不用任何冠词.
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
       A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)
劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。　　　　　
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
8. It being +名词（代词）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
      Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
       The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
       The boy was walking, with his father ahead.  
（with+名词/代词+副词）
       He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
     （with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
    The meeting being over, all of us went home.
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.

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2. 作条件状语
       Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．

Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．
3. 作原因状语
      The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.

      There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
      I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
      Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
     He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
 Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
五、独立主格结构注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
       The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
      The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
       The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）
      The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
       A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)

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当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
       He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
       4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
       有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。
       Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
　　To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
　　To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
　　情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
　　When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
    Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
With的独立:
Don’t sleep with the windows open.
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.。 
She came in with a book in her hand. 
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
He sat there with his eyes closed. 
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.
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There be非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30)
1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：　　
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind，
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．
It isn't enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely．(作状语)
2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself． (原因状语)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up． (作程度状语)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry． (原因状语)
3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。　
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。
4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。
1 We don’t want ____any　 comrades lagging behind.
A. there being　 B.there to being　 C.there to be　 D.there is
2.I must make full use of the time ___left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
A. there being　 B. there is　 C. there are　 D. there to be
3.It is not uncommon for ____problems of communication between old and young.
A. there to be　 B.　 there being　 C there to being　 D. there be　
使用独立主格四点注意：
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。

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(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that

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