剑桥雅思4阅读解析-Test2.doc

READING PASSAGE 1文章结构体 裁说明文主 题语言的消亡和拯救措施段落概括第一段纳瓦霍语正在消亡。第二段其他语种也濒临消亡。第三段语言消亡的原因。第四段人们拒绝使用民族语言的原因。第五段来自外界的因素。第六段语言和文化的关系。第七段语言和文化的关联可以挽救很多语言。第八段语言的保存可以使语言起死回生。本节考查词汇csprawlv.散布linguistn.语言学家far from远非，远不止vanishv.消亡，消失generationn.一代人diversityn.多样性shrinkv.萎缩dominatingadj.主导的evolutionaryadj.进化的extinctionn.灭绝reboundv.回升be peppered with表面充满endangerv.濒危criticallyadv.关键地rejectv.抛弃crisisn.危机communityn.社会，团体wealthyadj.富有的alongsideprep.在周围inducev.促使，导致，劝诱voluntaryadj.自发的minorityn.少数banv.禁止discouragev.不鼓励promotev.提升unityn.团结，同一，一致formeradj.之前的，前任的policyn.政策deadlyadj.致命的globalisationn.全球化commercialadj.商业的evolutionn.进化relyv.依靠，依赖intimatelyadv.紧密地bindv.捆绑preservev.保护，保存shiftv.改变，切换depriveof剥夺的mountingadj.不断增长的physiologicaladj.生理学的perceptionn.理解，感知despiteprep.尽管identityn.身份，身份认同predictionn.预测ancestraladj.祖先的，祖辈的dominantadj.主导的bilingualism/n.双语制erosionn.腐蚀，破坏rekindlev.重新燃起approachn.方法apprenticen.学徒indigenousadj.土著的weavev.编织exclusivelyadv.专有地，专门地sufficientlyadv.足够地，充分地fluentadj.流利transmitv.传递revivev.复活essentialadj.重要的，关键的leadto导致做考题精解Questions 1-4题型SUMMARY解析题号关键词原文定位题解1as a result of/ variety第三段首句答案：isolation。题目中因果关系在原文中以breed（导致）重现。题目问什么导致了variety（文中替换为diversity），文中breed前为原因，即答案。2government/ and(并列关系)/ contributing to（因果关系）第五段第四句答案：economic globalization利用government可定位至第五段，题目中contributing to表示因果关系，需要寻找造成语言数量减少的原因。题目中已经给出来自government的原因，需要寻找与之并列的另一原因，该并列关系在文中以notbut结构体现。3increasing appreciation第七段第二句答案：cultural identity。表示转折的段落次句为主题句，需要重点阅读。文中growing interest in（对不断增长的兴趣）替换题干中increasing appreciation of（对越来越多的认同）。4apprentice/teach第七段倒数第五句开始答案：traditional skill。利用题干中引号内的apprentice可在文中定位。需要寻找teach的宾语，teach的内容和文中learn的内容是一致的，所以learn的宾语为答案。Questions 5-9题型MATCHING解析利用人物名称定位，找到其提出的理论（大都在宾语从句中），确定关键字，然后回题目中寻找合理替换。MATCHING题多为乱序。题号关键词原文定位题解5more than one language第七段前部，人名D.W.后。答案：E。题干中more than one language在原文中体现为bilingualism。6saving/ not a satisfactory goal第七段倒数第二句答案：B。题干中说“拯救语言不是最终目标”，文中表述为“保护语言不消亡与日常使用该语言不是一个概念”。该句中只出现了提出理论的人的姓，需要留意。7way we think/ determined by第六段末句答案：D。题干中“语言决定了我们思考的方式”在原文中体现为affect our thoughts（影响了我们的思维）。8young/ reject第四段首句、末句答案：C。首句中reject为题干关键字的原文重现，而末句中next generation reach their teens为题干中young的替换。9culture第六段第二句答案：B。第六段首句中提到culture，可定位至此。次句中说“当人们放弃纳瓦霍语改用英语时，他们会失去一些东西”，其中shift替换题干中change，lose something替换题干中loss。Questions 10-13题型Y/N/NG解析10.定位词/关键字Navajo/ will die out/ too few原文重现第三段第四句Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000speakers.参考译文尽管有150000人使用纳瓦霍语，它仍被认为是濒危语种。题解该句说明，纳瓦霍语的使用人数并不少，而且人数也不是决定语言die out与否的关键因素。答案NO11.定位词/关键字large number/ fails to guarantee原文重现第三段第四句Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000speakers.参考译文尽管有150000人使用纳瓦霍语，它仍被认为是濒危语种。题解文中150000替换题干中large number，“尽管有150000人使用纳瓦霍语，它仍被认为是濒危语种”，意味着庞大人数无法保证一门语言的生存。答案YES12. 定位词/关键字government/ do more原文重现第五段题解用government可定位至第五段，但本段讲述的是政府政策对少数民族语言带来的不利影响，而不是正面影响，内容与题干不相关。答案NOT GIVEN13. 定位词/关键字inevitable原文重现第七段首句So despite linguists best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century.参考译文无论语言学家如何努力，很多语言都将消亡。题解题干中inevitable意为“不可避免”，与该句意义切合。答案YES难句解析1. Never before has the planets linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.解析：本句是一个倒装结构。含有否定和强调成分的句子经常被改写为倒装结构，方法是：把否定或倒装部分提前至句首，谓语和主语部分改写为一般疑问句结构，有时可能需要添加助动词。本句可还原为：The planets linguistic diversity has never shrunk at such a pace before.参考译文：地球上语言多样性的萎缩速度从未有如此之快。2.Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity.解析：本句用到 “ do A by doing B”结构，意为“通过做A来做到B”，这是高级英语阅读中经常用到的句子结构，实质是因果逻辑的表达，B为原因，A为结果。参考译文：政府经常通过在公共场所或学校内被禁止使用这些语言来试图扼杀少数民族语言，这些做法都是为了提升国家的凝聚力。参考译文无“言”以对-很多少数民族语言已濒临灭亡对于美洲土著纳瓦霍人（其居住在美国西南四州）而言，他们的土著语正遭受灭顶之灾。讲土著语的大都是中年或老年人。尽管很多学生仍然在学校中学习纳瓦霍语，但是学校的官方语言却是英语。路牌、超市商品、甚至他们自己的报纸都是使用英语的。不足为奇的是，语言学家已经开始猜测一百年后到底还会不会有讲纳瓦霍语的土著人存在。并非只有纳瓦霍语才如此。全世界6800种语言当中，有一半很可能在两代人之后彻底消失，这相当于每十年就有一种语言消亡。世界语言多样性的萎缩速度从未如此之快。“当前，我们正进入一个由3-4种语言主导的世界”，雷丁大学的生物进化学家M. P.这样说道，“这是一场大规模的消亡，而且我们人类是否能从中恢复过来还不得而知。”与外界的隔绝带来了语言的多样性，这导致世界上有很多语言只有很少数量的人会讲。使用者超过一百万的语言只有250种，而使用者不超过2500人的语言却至少有3000种。但不是语种小才导致其消失-纳瓦霍语拥有15万的使用者，但仍然被认为是濒危语种。导致语种濒临灭亡的不仅仅是其使用者的多少，还包括使用者的年龄。如果这种语言的使用者很年轻，那么该语言也相对安全。那些只有老年人才会讲的语言则已接近灭亡边缘。来自ANLC的M.K.给出了以上提法。为什么会有人抛弃父辈的语言呢？这种情况始于自信的缺乏。来自BFEL的N.O.说，当一个小群体发现他们紧邻一个庞大的富有群体时，“小群体中的人们就会对自己的文化失去信心，当新一代人到了十几岁的时候，他们可能已经不想再接受老的传统。”这种变化并不总是自发的。政府经常通过在公共场所或学校内禁止使用这些语言来试图扼杀少数民族语言，这些做法都是为了提升国家的凝聚力。例如，美国早前的一项政策要求在印第安保留地学校以英语授课，这种做法最终导致纳瓦霍语濒临灭亡。但是S.M.（UC大学语言学系主任）提出，最致命的威胁并不是政府政策，而是经济全球化。“土著美国人并没失去对自己语言的自豪感，但是他们不得不强迫自己适应社会经济压力。如果大部分商业行为都使用英语，他们也就只能使用英语。“但是语言值得我们去挽救吗？至少，对于语言及其进化的研究而言，我们的数据变少了，因为这种研究依赖于语言间的对比，不论这种语言是否已经消亡。当一种没有文字或者没有录音的语言消失时，我们就永远无法再去研究它了。语言与文化的联系也是密不可分的，所以只保留二者之一是很难做到的。M.说，“如果一个人放弃纳瓦霍语改讲英语，他失去的不仅是本民族语言”。P说，“更有甚者，语言多样性的降低也可能剥夺我们认识世界的很多途径”。越来越多的证据表明，学习语言会带来大脑的一些生理变化。“你我的大脑与讲法语的人的大脑是不同的”，P.说，这种不同会影响我们的思维和看法。“我们在各种概念之间建立起的模式和联系很可能是由自身的语言习惯构筑成的”。所以，无论语言学家如何努力，很多语言都会在一百年内消失。但是人们对文化认同的兴趣越来越浓厚，这也许能防止那些最耸人听闻的预言变成现实。“提升多样性的关键就在于，人们要学习长辈的语言，同时也要学习主流语言。”位于NHC的ELF机构的奠基人兼主席D.W.说，“如果这些语言脱离了双语环境，很多就无法存在下去。”在新西兰，儿童教育减缓了毛利语的消亡，并且重新燃起了人们对毛利语的兴趣。夏威夷也采用了同样的方法，使得波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去的几年里增加了8000人。在加州，“学徒”计划为某些土著语提供了生存支持。志愿者“学徒”与某些土著语仅存的使用者组对，学习编框等传统技能，而整个教学过程只能使用土著语。在300小时的学习之后，他们大都可以足够流利的把自己的语言传递给下一代。但是M.提出，防止语言消亡和通过日常使用赋予其新生并不能相互等同。他说，“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果”。然而，保存语言的确可以让语言起死回生。一些语言通过书面形式幸存下来，继而被后人赋予新的生命，这样的例子不止一个。但是这种做法的关键是要有书面形式的保存，所以，这仅存的可能性使得很多濒危语种的使用者开始研究书写系统，因为这些系统过去并不存在。In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years time. Navajo is far from alone. Half the worlds 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generationsthats one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planets linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world, says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. Its a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know. Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks. Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britains Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. People lose faith in their culture, he says. When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions. The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization. Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures, he says. They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English. But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science. Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something, Mufwene says. Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world. says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance, Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community. So despite linguists best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language, says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut . Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism, he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California,apprentice programs have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer apprentices pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar, he says. However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before. READING PASSAGE 2文章结构体 裁说明文主 题另类医学在澳大利亚的境遇及改变段落概括斜体字段澳洲大学终于开设另类医学课程。（并非正文，通常不会出题）第一段澳洲在认可另类医学方面的态度很保守。第二段过去20年中传统医学在澳洲稳步增长。第三段越来越多的医生开始接受另类医学。第四段对于289位接受另类疗法的患者的调查。第五段病人的组成第六段“互补医学”是更合适的称呼。本节考查词汇斜体字段alternativeC:l5tE:nEtivadj.另类的therapy5WerEpin.疗法acupuncture5AkjupQNktFE(r)n.针灸healing artn.医术regulate5rejuleitv.调整struggle5strQlv.斗争第一段conservativekEn5sE:vEtivadj.保守的attitude5Atitju:dn.态度lecturer5lektFErEn.讲师loathlEuWadj.不情愿的orthodox5C:WEdCksadj.正统的herbal5hE:bEln.草药turnover5tE:n7EuvEn.总营业额pharmaceutical7fB:mE5sju:tikEln.药品第二段disenchantmentdisin5tFAntmEntn.觉醒steadily5stediliadv.稳步地prior toprep.在之前consultation7kCnsEl5teiFEnn.咨询medically qualified有医疗资质的disillusioned7disi5lu:VEnadj.醒悟的sceptical5skeptikEladj.怀疑的empiricalem5pirikEladj.经验主义的consequence5kCnsikwEnsn.结果第三段resistri5zistv.抗拒criticise5kritisaizv.批评incentivein5sentivn.刺激practitionerprAk5tiFEnEn.从业者clientele7kli:B:n5teiln.客户第四段chronic5krCnikadj.慢性的reliefri5li:fn.减轻（痛苦）holistichEJlIstIkadj.全面的concernedkEn5sE:ndadj.关怀的impersonalim5pE:sEnladj.没人情味的manner5mAnEn.方式exodus5eksEdEsn.大批离去inadequacyin5AdikwEsin.不足mainstream5meInstri:mn.主流admitEd5mitv.承认preventativepri5ventEtivadj.可预防的第五段digestivedi5dVestiv,dai-adj.消化系统的respiratoryris5paiErEtEriadj.呼吸系统的maintenance5meintinEnsn.保养第六段complementarykRmplE5mentErIadj.补充的adjunct5AdVQNktn.附属物conventionalkEn5venFEnladj.传统的考题精解Questions 14-15题型MULTIPLE CHOICE解析题号关键词原文定位题解14differ/ Western countries第一段首句选C。文中unusual（与众不同）替换题干中differed，当然也可以通过Western来定位。文中说澳洲在接受另类疗法方面非常conservative（保守），与C中reluctant（不情愿接受）意义切合。151990第一段末句选B。可用1990迅速定位。文中more visit to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors与B选项含义一致。Questions 16-23题型Y/N/NG解析16.定位词/关键字20 years/ increasing number原文重现第二段首句Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.参考译文对于正统医学的重新认识见证了过去20年里另类疗法在澳洲的稳步增长。题解可用20 years快速定位。文中climb steadily替换题干中increasing number。答案YES17.定位词/关键字1983/1990/ further 8%原文重现第二段第二、三句In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.参考译文在1983年的全国健康调查中，有1.9%的人说他们在两周内曾经去按摩师、理疗师、整骨医师、针灸师或中医那里就诊。到了1990年，这一数字提升到了2.6%。题解可用1983和1990定位。文中说比例从1.9%增长到2.6%，增幅为0.7%，而非题干中的8%。答案NO18.定位词/关键字1990/550000原文重现第二段第四句The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel.参考译文1990年调查中的550000次在另类医学医师处进行的就诊行为大约占到了所有在有资质医生处进行的就诊行为总数的八分之一。题解可以用两个数字来定位。题干中relate to以为“涉及”，原文中说“1990年报告中的550000次在另类疗法医师处就诊行为”，与题干意思完全吻合，而且关键字几乎全部原文重现。答案YES19.定位词/关键字past/ higher opinion/ today原文重现第二段倒数第二句and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge参考译文越来越怀疑科学和经验主义知识题解文中说increasingly sceptical about science and empirical