英语语法之特殊句式.doc

特殊句式特殊句型主要涉及祈使句、感叹句、强调句型、反意疑问句、There be句型、。一、 祈使句祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等句子。祈使句一般用降调；为使其听起来比较婉转，可用低升调。句末用句号或感叹号。（1）.肯定的祈使句Close the door. 关上门Be quiet, please! 请安静！（2）有时为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加上do，表示“务必，一定”Do come on time.一定要按时来Do look out! 一下要小心！2.否定的祈使句祈使句的否定形式一般是在句首加dont或never构成。Dont be late.不要迟到Never do things by halves.做事不可马虎。3.其他形式的祈使句。（1）以let开头的祈使句Lets have a rest.咱们休息一会Lets not speak loudly. 我们不要大声说话。（2）以no开始的禁止性祈使句No parking. 禁止停车No smoking. 禁止吸烟祈使句+陈述句 句型在“祈使句+陈述句”这种结构中，祈使句和陈述句之间要用连接词。其连接词共分两类：第一类：and, then, and then。意思是“就”、“那么（就）”、 “（刚）才“。第二类：or, or else, otherwise。意思是“否则”、“要不”、 “不然的话”。用一句顺口溜来帮助记忆怎样使用and和or：选择连接词，只看陈述句。and叫人心欢畅，or的后果不好尝。什么时候用第一类连接词，什么时候用第二类连接词呢？有一种方法可以帮助我们作出迅速而准确的决定。请先比较下面三组例句：(1) Come early, and youll catch the first bus.早点来，你就能赶上第一班汽车。Come early, or youll miss the first bus. 来早点，不然的话，你就赶不上第一班汽车。(2) Use your head, then youll find a way. 开动脑筋，那么你就会找到办法。Use your head, or else you wont find a way.开动脑筋，否则，你就找不到办法。(3) Work hard, and then you wont fail. 努力干你才不会失败。Work hard, otherwise, youll fail. 努力干，要不你会失败的。由此可见：凡陈述句表示的是人们所希望的后果时，就用and,then或者and then；凡陈述表示的是人们所不希望的后果时，就用or, or else或者otherwise。练习题1. _some of this juice-perhaps youll like it.A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried2._ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never3. Stand over there _ youll be able to see the oil painting better.A. but B. till C. and D. or4 Follow your doctors advice，_ your cough will get worseA or B and C then D so5_ straight on and youll see a church You wont miss it A Go B Going C If you go D When going6. Start out right away，_ youll miss the first train.A and B. but C. or D. while二、 感叹句感叹句是用为表达人的特殊情感的句子，可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句常由what或how引导，句末常用感叹号。1 What引导的感叹句(1) what+ a(n)+形容词+可数名词的单数（+其他）！What a beautiful girl she is! 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！(2) what+形容词+可数名词复数（+其他）What important jobs they have done! 他们做了多么重要的工作呀！(3) what+形容词+不可数名字（+其他）What fine weather it is! 多好的天气呀！2 How引导的感叹句(1)how+形容词或副词（+其他）How interesting the dog is ! 多么有趣的狗呀！(2)how+形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数（+其他）！How useful a subject they are learning! 他们正在学的科目多么有用呀！(4) how+ 主语+谓语（+其他）How time flies! 时间过得真快呀！巧变陈述句为感叹句一断 二加 三前移， 强调副词 要删去。名词前面用what，形、副用how莫迟疑。一断：把要进行强调的部分从句中断开。He is / a very good teacher.They are working / hard/ to make their school more beautiful.二加：在句末加感叹号；在被强调部分前加强调词。若被强调的中心词是名词则用what，若中心词是形容词或副词则用how。He is / what a very good teacher!They are working / how hard/ to make their school more beautiful!三前移：即把被强调部分移到句首。What a very good teacher he is!How hard they are working to make their school more beautiful!强调副词要删去：把被强调部分中原有的very, quite等词删去。What a good teacher he is!用How , What (a / an) 填空1. _ delicious food it is !2. _interesting film!3. _bad weather !4. _good day !5. _tall the boy is !6. _good news it is !7. _beautiful clothes they are !8. _ nice teacher he is !9. _nice Tom is !10. _beautiful flowers they are !11. _ hard work !12. _ hard job !三、 反意疑问句反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后，对所陈述的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。附加问句部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号分隔开，句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构，附加问句部分就用否定结构，反之亦然。以下几种特殊的反意疑问句要特别记忆。1. 陈述部分含有few, never, little, nothing, nobody, no, seldom, hardly, none, tooto,等表示否定意义的词时，其附加问句部分应用肯定形式。She hardly writes to you, does she? 她很少给你写信，是吗？2. 陈述部分是there be 结构时，附加问句部分用be (not )there.There is a tree in front of the building, isnt there? 大楼前面有一棵树，不是吗？3. 当陈述部分的主语为指事或物的不定代词something, anything, everything等时，附加问句部分的主语应用it。Something is wrong with your computer, isnt it? 你的电脑出毛病了，不是吗？4. 当陈述部分的主语为this, that等时，附加问句部分的主语应用it。类似地，当陈述部分的主语为these, those 等时，附加问句部分的主语应用they。This is a beautiful picture, isnt it? 这是一幅美丽的图画，不是吗？Those arent apple trees, are they？ 那些不是苹果树，是吗？5. had better 表示“最好”之意，当其用在陈述部分时，附加问句部分的谓语动词应用had。Wed better stop talking，hadnt we? 我们最好停止说话，不好吗？7. 当陈述部分含有un-, dis- ,-less等表示否定意义的前缀或后缀时，附加问句部分仍用否定形式。It is unfair, isnt it? 这不公平，不是吗？You dislike her, dont you? 你不喜欢她，不是吗？8. 当陈述部分为I am 形式时，附加问句部分应该用arent I Im right, arent I? 我是对的，不是吗？9. 肯定祈使句的附加问句部分可以用will/ wont you，否定祈使句的附加问句部分用will youListen to me carefully, will/wont you? 仔细听我说，好吗？Dont play with fire, will you? 不要玩火，好吗？10. 以lets 开头的祈使句，附加问句部分应用shall we；而以let us开头的祈使句，附加问句部分应用will you。Lets go to the park, shall we？让我们去公园，好吗？Lets help you，will you？ 让我们来帮你，好吗？11. 陈述部分若为主从复合句，附加问句部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。She said he would come tomorrow, didnt she? 她说他明天会来，不是吗？He told us how to get to the farm, didnt he ? 他告诉我们怎样到农场了，不是吗?注意：若陈述部分主句的主语是第一人称I /we ，谓语动词又是think , suppose, expect, believe, imagine等时，附加疑问部分的主语一般应与陈述部分从句的主语一致， 并应特别注意否定转移。I think he is a good student, isnt he? 我认为他是一个好学生，不是吗？We dont suppose you are right, are you? 我们认为你不对，是吗？反意疑问句的回答。1.当陈述句部分是肯定时，yes表示是；no表示不。如：-You are a Chinese , arent you ? (你是一个中国人，是吗？ - Yes, I am. / No, I am not. （是的，我是。/ 不，我不是。）2.当陈述句部分是否定时，yes表示不；no表示是。如：- You have never been to Beijing , have you ? （你从没去过北京，是吗？）- Yes, I have. I went there last summer. （不，我去过。我去年去的。）练习 1、Youd like some coffee, _? Awerent you Bwouldnt you Chadnt you DShouldnt you2、I dont think he will come to the meeting, _? Awill he Bwont he Cdo I Dam I3、Harry and his brother promised to work harder,_?. Ado they Bdont they Cdid they Ddidnt they4、His father knows little about it, _he? Adoes Bdoesnt Cis he Disnt5、We all like reading story books, _? Ado we Bdo you Cdont we Ddont you6、My sister seldom goes to the theatre ,_she? Adoesnt Bdoes Cis Disnt7、Be sure to write to us, _? Awill you Barent you Cwould you Dcan you8、Dont smoke in the meeting room, _you? Ado Bwill Cwould Dcan9、Its fine today. Lets go fishing, _? Awill we Bshall we Cdo we Ddont we10、Mary has few friends in Japan, _she? Adose Bdont Cdoesnt Dhasnt11、There is a beautiful lake in this city, _? Aisnt it Bisnt there Cis it Dhasnt it四 强调句型 基本结构 It+ be + 被强调成分 + that (who) He bought the book in this shop yesterday.It was he that/who bought the book in this shop yesterday. (强调主语he) It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday. (强调宾语the book) It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday. (强调地点状语in this shop) 按照要求将句子变成强调句型My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调主语： 强调宾语： 强调时间： 强调地点： 五there be 句型there be 句型是英语中陈述事物客观存在的句型，表示“有”，其确切含义是“存在”。There作为引导词，本身没有意义，用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词，它的主语是一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组，动词be和第一个主事的数保持一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间状语。因此，要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候，常用there be+名词+地点（时间）”这一句型，而不用have句型。There is a library in our school. 我们学校有一个图书馆There is some water on the ground。地面上有些水There are 50 students in the classroom. 教室里面有五十名学生。1. there be句型中的主谓一致动词be的单复数形式要跟there be之后的主语保持一致，如果是几个并列名词作主语，动词be和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔和两本书There are two books and a pen on the desk。桌子上有两本书和一支钢笔。2. there be 句型中的谓语形式(1) there be 句型有各种时态。其中一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时比较常见。There was a knock at the door. 有人敲门。There is going to be a meeting tonight. 今晚会有个会议。There has been a girl waiting for you. 有个女孩一直在等你。(2) there be 可以与情态动词连用There may be a cigarette in the box. 那个盒子里或许有支烟。There must be some cakes on the table. 桌子上一定有些蛋糕(3) there be 句型可以和这些短语连用：used to, happen to , seem to , be likely to 等There used to be a temple there before the war. 战前那里曾经有一会寺庙 There happened to be a bus nearby. 碰巧附近有辆公共汽车。There is likely to be a storm. 可能有一场暴风雨。3. there be 句型的其他构成(1) 否定句There be句型的否定句有两种构成形式，一是将not 放在be之后；二是在主语前加no.There arent any pens on the desk. 桌子上没有钢笔There is no water in the bottle. 瓶子里没有水(2) 一般疑问句There be 句型的一般疑问句要将be放在there之前；回答时用yes或no，后接简单答语。Is there a cake on the table? 桌子上有蛋糕吗？Yes ,there is 是的，有/ no, there isnt 不，没有练习1.There _ an English Evening next Tuesday.A. was B. will be C. will have D. are going to be2.There _ a football game in our school.A. has B. will have C. will be3.Look！There are some _ on the floor.A. child B. water C. boxes D. girl6