动词时态和语态（word版）.docx

2018 届高考必考语法精讲：动词的时态和语态语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有 16 种时态。2017 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去 完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。2015 年高考全国卷第 61 题（语法填空）考查了动词 arrive 的一般过去时 arrived；第 71 题（短文改错）考查 了 think 变为过去时 thought；第 75 题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉 been；第 79 题（短文改错）考查了将动 词过去时的 found 变为现在时的 find。2016 年高考全国卷第 62 题（语法填空）考查了 allow 的一般过去时的被动语态 was allowed；第 74 题（短文 改错）考查了将过去时 had 变为现在时的 have；77 题（短文改错）考查了将 using 变为被动 used。2017 年高考全国卷第 64 题（语法填空）考查了 remove 的一般现在时的被动语态 are removed；第 74 题（短 文改错）考查了将动词 goes 变成一般过去时 went。各种时态构成表：（以 do 为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesis/am/are doinghas/have donehas/have been doing过去didwas /were doinghad donehad been doing将来shall/will doshall/will be doingshall/will have doneshall/will have been doing过去将来would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing一、一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数1构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。（1）直接加“s”：workworks，taketakes（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：carrycarries（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：gogoes，dressdresses，watchwatches，finishfinishes 2功能：（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如：I have a dream.She loves music.Marys parents get up very early.（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。例如：4I always take a walk after supper.She writes to me very often.She is an English teacher.（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.Two and two makes four. No man but errs.（4）表示将来发生的动作：A在由 when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如： Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go.B按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如：The play begins at 6:30 this evening.When does the plane take off?He leaves for that city next week.According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 oclock.二一般过去时：动词的过去式1表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如：We visited the school last spring.I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.China was founded in 1949.2在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如：She told me she wouldt go with us if it rained the next day.They would not leave until she came back.His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.三一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形1表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will graduate from the college next year.We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.2将来时的其它结构。 例如：I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美国口语中常读作 be gonna）Im going to buy a new car this fall.He is going to sell his house.注意：be going to 与 will 的对比：下列情况须用 willI will be sixteen years old next year.It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.When he comes, I will give him your message.II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如：Am I to take over his work?We are to meet at the gate.III.is/am/are about to do sth. 即将做某事。例如：The talk is about to begin.四一般过去将来时：would + 动词原形1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。例如：He said that they would meet me at the station.She told me that she would come to see me.2.表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用 would）。例如：Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.The old couple would go for a walk after supper.注意句型：was/were about to do sth. when正要做某事,这时=was/were on the point of doing sth. when（when 引导的从句要用一般过去时）例如：He was about to go out when the telephone rang.I was about to go shopping when it rained.She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.五现在进行时：is / am / are +现在分词1表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?The workers are building a new bridge across the river.2表现阶段正进行的动作。例如：He is taking physics this semester.We are preparing for our final examination this week.Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight.3go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如： Look! The bus is coming.The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.4与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。例如：He is always thinking of others.The boy is continually making noises.The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.六过去进行时：was /were +现在分词1表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 例如：I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.When I arrived, they were watching TV.They were doing housework this time last week.2用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如：She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.3过去某时将发生的事。例如：They told me that they were leaving for New York.He was going out when I arrived.七将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词1表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.2用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如：Will you be having supper with us this evening?Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?3将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如：She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.八现在完成时：have / has +过去分词1表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与 yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如：He hasnt seen her lately.I havent finished the book yet.2表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），for a long time（很长时间），in the past / in the last few years（在 过去的几年里），these days（这些日子）。例如：He has worked here for 15 years.I have studied English since I came here.The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother.3某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。 I常见的非延续动词：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。II这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由 for 引导的时间状语。III但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：She has gone away for a month.（误）She has been away for a month （正）The man has died for two years.（误）The man has been dead for two years.（正）How long have you bought the book?（误）How long have you had the book.（正） 4几组对比：He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。She has gone.她已走了。She is gone.她缺席了。（or 她死了。）The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）The door is closed.门是关着的。（状态）5九过去完成时：had + 过去分词1表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：They had got everything ready before I came.The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.2过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . than（“一就”）等固定句型结构中。例如：She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首时要用部分倒装。3intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本 打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。例如：I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.十将来完成时：shall / will have +过去分词。表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。例如：They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.十一现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词1表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例如：I have been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come.He has been running after her for 8 years.I have been learning English since six years ago.2表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，例如：She has been playing tennis since she was eight.3.表某种感情色彩。例如：Ive been wanting to see you for so many years.Whos been telling you such nonsense.现在完成时与现在完成进行时对比： 现在完成时强调“结果”，而现在完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。例如：I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）8Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。） 注意：表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如，我们可以说：I have known him for years.但是不能说：I have been knowing him for years.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love，like，hate 等等。十二过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。例如：She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.I had been waiting for him before he arrived.十三过去将来进行时：would be + 现在分词表示从过去某时看将来某个时侯正在进行的动作。例如：He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.十四过去将来完成时：would have +过去分词表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前动作已经完成。例如：He said that they would have arrived by seven oclock.I thought she would have told you something by then.十五将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词表示某一动作从某时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，是否继续下去由上下文决定。例如：By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.十六. 过去将来完成进行时：would have been + 现在分词表示从过去的某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来的某一时间。动作是否继续进行，由上下文决定。例如：He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.被动语态一 .被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be 动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中 be 动词本身没有意义，但有人称、 单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)常见各种时态对应的被动语态：（以 do 为例）一般时态完成时态进行时态完成进行时态现在无is /am/are donehas/have been doneis/am/are being done过去was/were donehad been donewas /were being done无将来shall/willbeshall/will havebeen无无donedone过去将来无无would be donewouldhavebeendone二.含有情态动词的被动语态：由情态动词 must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done 构成。例如：The task must be finished before this weekend.He should be punished because he told lies.The book may be taken away by someone.三. 被动语态的用法：1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语 by sb.通常省略。例如：The streets are swept every day.His car has been stolen.Rice is grown in many countries.This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere. 2.带双宾语的及物动词变成被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。例如：He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者 She was given a beautiful gift (by him).3.get+ 过 去 分 词 表 被 动 ， 表 示 一 种 结 果 或 状 态 。 常 见 结 构 有 ： get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：He got killed in the traffic accident last week.Dont get cheated by her beauty.He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.4.have sth done 以及 get sth done（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排别人把事情做好或谈论意外的、不好的事情。例 如：I need to have my hair cut.Your watch is broken,youd better get it repaired.If you dont get out of my house, I will have you arrested .We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.Joe had his leg broken in a fight.5.have sth to be done 表示主动提出请求帮助别人做某事。例如：I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?Do you have anything to be typed,sir?四主动形式表被动意义： 1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow 等系动词+形 容词或名词构成系表结构。例如：The ice feels cold.His plan proved practical.2 .表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如 begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move 等。例如：Work began at 7clock this morning.The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.3 .形容词 easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult 等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾 关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：This kind of water is fit to drink.The text is easy to understand.4 .某些动词如 read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry 等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。例如：The clothes washes well.Your pen writes smoothly. 5.其他的主动表被动的情况。例如：The book is worth reading.My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.Who is to blame?高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练时态与语态考点规律分析:动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的 背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看， 主要涉及 be 和 have 两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时，现在完成时等，但很少见。语法填空主9要涉及动词的时态及语态的变化。时态语态单句改错之真题训练：1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop2. and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.3. Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.8. I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.13. Id like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very14. .I remembered her words and calm down.15. They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to16. He said he is busy.17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.18. .But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.20. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbors house.22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.23. I am always young when I was staying with them.24. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.2. I phone the other students a moment ago.3. We often played together when we are children.104. What are you doing when I called you?5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.6. She doesnt hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV. 7.Well stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.8. Ple