虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法.doc

高中英语语法专题——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)
第一课时：虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法

一：语气——英语中的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气，虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。
语气
作用
例句
陈述语气
The Indicative Mood
用来陈述一个事实，或提出一种看法，有肯定，否定，疑问或感叹等形式
I am not interested in what you said.
Have you ever been to France?
What a splendid palace!
祈使语气
The Imperative Mood
用来表示请求，邀请，命令，警告或劝告等。
Let’s have a talk.
Don’t jump in the queue.
虚拟语气
The Subjunctive Mood
用来表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设，愿望，怀疑或推测。
If I were you , I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.
We would have won if Jack had scored that goal.

二：虚拟语气的用法：
虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用
特别补充：
条件句
作用
例句
真实条件句
用来表示在现实中比较有可能发生的情况（从句谓语动词常用一般现在时表现在或将来）
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
Let’s go shopping if you are not busy.
非真实条件句
（即虚拟条件句）
用来表示与现实相反的假设(主句及从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气)
If I were a bird, I would fly high in the sky.

①含有if的非真实条件句

If条件状语从句
谓语动词（以do为例）
主句
谓语动词（以do为例）
与现在事实相反的假设

did (be 动词用were)

should/would/could/might+do
与过去事实相反的假设

had done

should/would/could/might+
have done
与将来事实相反的假设
① did (be动词用were)
② were to do
③ should do (should 不可用其他情态动词替换)

should/would/could/might+do

即时练习：
1. I am busy now。如果我有时间，我就会参加会议的。
_______________________________________________________________________________ 2. 如果我是你，我会跟同学们好好相处的。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 如果你接受了我的建议，上次考试你就不会不及格了。 _______________________________________________________________________________
4. I heard that you would be busy tomorrow. 要是你明天能来的话，我们就可以开会了。_______________________________________________________________________________KEYS: 1. If I had time, I would attend the meeting.
2. If I were you, I would get on well with my classmates.
3. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the last exam.
4. If you came/ were to come/should come tomorrow, we would have the meeting.

②错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.

即时练习：
1. 如果你当初听了医生的话，你现在就好了。_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 如果你当初听了医生的话，你早就好了。_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 如果你当初听了医生的话，你过几天就好了。_______________________________________________________________________________
KEYS: 1. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.
2. If you had listened to the doctor, you would have been all right.
3. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right within a few days.

③if省略句
在含有were,had, should的非真实条件句中，if 可以省略，但要把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。
If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier, you would have caught the bus.
如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。

即时练习：
1. 如果明天下雨的话，我们只能推迟运动会了。_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 如果他努力学习的话，上次考试就及格了。_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 如果可能的话，他早就给她打电话了。_______________________________________________________________________________
4. 如果他明天出发的话，周五就可以到那儿了。_______________________________________________________________________________
KEYS: 1. Should it rain tomorrow/ Were it to rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the sports meeting.
2. Had he studied hard, he would have passed the last exam.
3. Had it been possible, he would have called her up.
4. Should he leave tomorrow/ Were he to leave tomorrow, he would go there by Friday.

④含蓄条件句
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，常用的这类词或短语有：
without（要是）没有
in case 万一，以防
but for 要不是
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
supposing 假如
or 否则
but 但是
with （要是）有
(If it were not for 要不是)
What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars)
如果你有100万元，你会做什么？

特别补充：otherwise/or 前的内容为事实，用陈述语气，其后的内容用虚拟语气。
But 前的内容用虚拟语气，其后内容为事实，用陈述语气。例如：
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.

即时练习：
没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。（用尽可能多的方式翻译）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

KEYS:
If we hadn’t got your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
Had we not got your help, ...
We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help.
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
= But for your help, …
= If it had not been for your help, …
= Had it not been for you help, …

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用
综合练习题：
1. If my lawyer＿＿＿here last Saturday, he＿＿＿me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented
B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent
D. were, would have prevented
2. If it＿＿＿for the snow, we＿＿＿the mountain yesterday.
A. were not, could have climbed
B. were not, could climb
C. had not been, could have climbed
D. had not been, could climb
3. Without electricity(电) human life＿＿＿quite difficult today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
4. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting, if she＿＿＿, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
5. When the pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it＿＿＿.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
6. He hesitated(犹豫) for a moment before kicking(踢) the ball. Otherwise he＿＿＿a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
7. ＿＿＿right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A. Would she leave
B. If she leaves
C. Were she to leave
D. If she had left
8. Had he worked harder, he＿＿＿the exam.
A. must have got through
B. would have got through
C. would get through
D. could get through
9. He must have had an accident, or he＿＿＿then.
A. would have been here
B. had to be here
C. should be here
D. would be here
10. ＿＿＿for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.
A. Not being
B. Had it not been
C. Without being
D. Not having been
11. We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we＿＿＿him.
A. would have called
B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone
D. had telephoned
12. He ＿＿＿ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
13.＿＿＿ for your laziness(懒惰), you could have finished the assignment(任务) by now.
A. Had it not been B. It were not C. weren’t it D. Had not it been
14. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder(梯子) to catch you when you fell, you ＿＿＿ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile
15. If it ＿＿＿ Professor Johnson’s recommendation(推荐), I wouldn’t have been admitted to the graduate school(研究生学院).
A. were not for B. had not been for C. were not D. had it not been

KEYS: ACDDC DCBAA AAAAB

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