第三节-福斯特与《印度.pptx

第三节第三节 福斯特与印度之行福斯特与印度之行 Edward Morgan Forster and A Passage to India1/55一、生平与创作Edward Morgan Forster，18791970 English author and critic 2/55A Brief Life：born in London as the son of an architect,who died before his only child was two years old.Forsters childhood and much of his adult life was dominated by his mother and his aunts.3/55Forster attended Kings College,Cambridge(1897-1901),where he met members of the later formed Bloomsbury group.In the atmosphere of skepticism,he shed his not very deep Christian faith.4/55After graduating he travelled in Italy and Greece with his mother,and on his return began to write essays and short stories for the liberal Independent Review.5/55 In 1905 Foster spent several month in German as tutor to the children of the Countess von Armin.6/55Between the years 1912 and 1913 Forster travelled in India.From 1914 to 1915 he worked for the National Gallery in London.Following the outbreak of World War I,Forster joined the Red Cross and served in Alexandria,Egypt.7/55In 1921 Forster returned to India,working as a private secretary to the Maharajah（土邦主）（土邦主）of Dewas.The land was the scene of his masterwork A PASSAGE TO INDIA(1924),an account of India under British rule.8/55the remaining 46 years of his life he devoted himself to other activities.Writing novels was not the most important element in his life.9/55Forster contributed reviews and essays to numerous journals,most notably the Listener,he was an active member of PEN,in 1934 he became the first president of the National Council for Civil Liberties,and after his mothers death in 1945,he was elected an honorary fellow of Kings and lived there for the remainder of his life.Forster died on June 7,1970.10/55Writings小说：小说：天使不敢涉足地方（天使不敢涉足地方（Where Angles Fear to Where Angles Fear to Tread,1905Tread,1905）、最漫长旅行（）、最漫长旅行（The Longest The Longest Journey,1907Journey,1907）、看得见风景房间（）、看得见风景房间（A Room With A Room With a View,1908a View,1908）、同性恋小说莫里斯（）、同性恋小说莫里斯（Maurice,Maurice,19141914年完成，不过依据作者要求，在他逝世后年完成，不过依据作者要求，在他逝世后19711971年年才出版）、霍华德别业（才出版）、霍华德别业（Howards End,1910Howards End,1910）、）、印度之行（印度之行（A Passage to IndiaA Passage to India，19241924）等）等 。文学评论文学评论 ：小说面面观：小说面面观(Aspects of the (Aspects of the Novel,1927)Novel,1927)11/55天使不敢涉足地方（天使不敢涉足地方（Where Angles Where Angles Fear to Tread,1905Fear to Tread,1905）提名借用提名借用1818世纪英国诗人蒲柏一句诗：世纪英国诗人蒲柏一句诗：“蠢人们闯进了天使不敢涉足地方蠢人们闯进了天使不敢涉足地方”。莉莉莉莉 、吉诺、吉诺 、赫里顿夫人、赫里顿夫人 、菲立普和哈、菲立普和哈里特里特两种生活观念、两种文化性格联接。两种生活观念、两种文化性格联接。12/55霍华德别业（霍华德别业（Howards End,1910Howards End,1910），The novel established Forsters The novel established Forsters reputationreputationIt was a story that centered on an It was a story that centered on an English country house and dealt with English country house and dealt with the clash between two families,one the clash between two families,one interested in art and literature,the interested in art and literature,the other only in business.other only in business.在商人和知识分子之间试图实现联结在商人和知识分子之间试图实现联结 。13/55英国著名文学家、批评家利维斯认为，这英国著名文学家、批评家利维斯认为，这两个阶层联结不但是不真实，也是不可能。两个阶层联结不但是不真实，也是不可能。他称这部小说是他称这部小说是“对知识分子背叛对知识分子背叛”。D.H.D.H.劳伦斯在读了这部小说后写信给福斯劳伦斯在读了这部小说后写信给福斯特，说道：特，说道：“你确实犯了一个几乎致命错你确实犯了一个几乎致命错误，在霍华德别业中美化那些商人。误，在霍华德别业中美化那些商人。商业不好。商业不好。”14/55二、印度之行（A Passage to India）A Passage to India A Passage to India(1924)was his best(1924)was his best story.story.15/55（一）、福斯特与印度（一）、福斯特与印度 两次出游印度纪录两次出游印度纪录(1912-1913(1912-1913、19211921）。）。印度穆斯林学生马苏德印度穆斯林学生马苏德(Syed Ross(Syed Ross Masood)Masood)，英人莫尼森，英人莫尼森(Theodore(Theodore Morison)Morison)16/55（二）情节（二）情节（Plot Summary)背景：背景：Chandrapore（昌德拉普（昌德拉普）Adela Quested（阿德拉（阿德拉奎斯特奎斯特）、）、Mrs Moore（莫尔夫人（莫尔夫人）、）、Ronny Heaslop（罗尼（罗尼希斯洛甫希斯洛甫）、）、Aziz（艾席思（艾席思）、）、Marabar Caves（玛拉巴岩洞（玛拉巴岩洞）、）、Fielding（菲尔丁（菲尔丁）Adela asks Azis,“Have you one wife or more than one?”and he is shocked.“But to ask an educated Indian Moslem how many wives he has-appalling,hideous（令人惊骇）（令人惊骇）!17/55（三）联结思想及其文化意义（三）联结思想及其文化意义 题目借用美国诗人惠特曼题目借用美国诗人惠特曼(Walt Whitman)1817年发表印度之行年发表印度之行 18/55啊啊 这是通往印度之路这是通往印度之路哦哦 灵魂灵魂 你可看出这是上帝意你可看出这是上帝意图图世界不分南北东西世界不分南北东西应该由网络将它联成一体应该由网络将它联成一体全部民族全部民族 全部国家全部国家应该相互联姻缔结家庭应该相互联姻缔结家庭,大海不大海不再将大陆隔绝再将大陆隔绝遥远国土将紧密焊接遥远国土将紧密焊接我歌唱一个新崇敬，我歌唱一个新崇敬，船长，航海家，探险者船长，航海家，探险者工程师，建筑师，机械师工程师，建筑师，机械师不再以贸易和运输为目标不再以贸易和运输为目标而是以上帝之名，以灵魂为目而是以上帝之名，以灵魂为目标标Passage to India!Lo,soul,seest thou not Gods purpose from the first?The earth to be spannd,connected by network,The races,neighbors,to marry and be given in marriage,The oceans to be crossd,the distant brought near,The lands to be welded together.A worship new I sing,You captains,voyagers,explorers,yours,You engineers,you architects,machinists,yours,You,not for trade or transportation only,But in Gods name,and for thy sake O soul.19/55四海之内皆弟兄 Because India is Because India is part of the earth.part of the earth.And God has put us And God has put us on the Earth in on the Earth in order to be order to be pleasant to each pleasant to each other.God other.God islove.”islove.”莫尔夫人莫尔夫人 ：“印度是印度是地球一部分地球一部分,上帝叫我上帝叫我们到地球上来们到地球上来,就是为就是为了要我们彼此愉快。了要我们彼此愉快。上帝上帝就是就是爱爱”。20/55The world,he The world,he believed,is a believed,is a globe of men who globe of men who are trying to reach are trying to reach one another and can one another and can best do so by the best do so by the help of good will help of good will plus culture and plus culture and intelligence.intelligence.菲尔丁菲尔丁 ：“世界是由世界是由人组成一个整体人组成一个整体,这些这些人都应致力于彼此靠人都应致力于彼此靠近和了解。假如大家近和了解。假如大家都怀有善意都怀有善意,再加上点再加上点文化知识文化知识,就能够做到就能够做到彼此靠近与了解彼此靠近与了解”。21/55福斯特意欲把印度之行作为寻求世间福斯特意欲把印度之行作为寻求世间博爱和人类友好一致灵魂之旅、精神历程博爱和人类友好一致灵魂之旅、精神历程,然而然而,最终发觉最终发觉:人类社会难以防止命运是人类社会难以防止命运是“一个永恒不停分裂与不停调和过程一个永恒不停分裂与不停调和过程”。以追求联结为初始目标小说中，分裂与隔以追求联结为初始目标小说中，分裂与隔膜却成为了贯通整部小说一个基本主题。膜却成为了贯通整部小说一个基本主题。22/55分裂与隔膜 1.1.首先表现在印度英国人和印度本土首先表现在印度英国人和印度本土居民之间分裂。这二者难以联结根本居民之间分裂。这二者难以联结根本障碍是政治。障碍是政治。23/55The streets are mean,the temples are ineffectiveThere is no painting and scarcely any carving in the bazaars(集市集市).The very wood seems made of mud,the inhabitants of mud moving.So abased(谦卑）谦卑）,so monotonous（单调乏味）单调乏味）is everything that meets the eye It is no city,but a forest sparsely scattered with huts.It is a tropical pleasaunce（高兴（高兴,游乐游乐园）园）washed by a noble river.it shares nothing with the city except the overarching sky.24/55Ronny：We are out here to do justice and keep the peace.“the kindest thing one can do to a native is to let him die.”“Indians are not allowed into the Chandrapore Club even as guests.”25/55“搭桥聚会搭桥聚会”(Bridge Party)not for anything that would happen that afternoon or even that week,but for some vague future occasion when a high official might come along and tax her social strength.“You are superior to them anyway.Dont forget that.You are superior to everyone in India except one or two of the Ranis,and theyre on an equality.”26/55When tennis began,the barrier grew impenetrable.It have been hoped to have some sets between East and West,but this was forgotten,and the courts were monopolized by the usual club couples.27/55“在印度人和英国人之间建立私人关在印度人和英国人之间建立私人关系几乎是不可能。系几乎是不可能。”Aziz：We may hate one another,but we hate you most.If I dont make you go,Ahmed will,Karim will,if its fifty-hundred years we shall get rid of you;yes,we shall drive every blasted Englishman into the sea,and then-he rode against him furiously-and then,he concluded,half kissing him,you and I shall be friends.28/55“India shall be a nation!No foreigners of any sort!Hindu and Moslem and Sikh and all shall be one!Hurrah!Hurrah for India!Hurrah!Hurrah!”29/552 2表现在英国人之间分裂上。表现在英国人之间分裂上。3.3.表现在印度人不一样教派人之间对立上。表现在印度人不一样教派人之间对立上。“宗教印度宗教印度”以艾席思这个艺术形象为代表印度穆斯林以艾席思这个艺术形象为代表印度穆斯林,对对于其它宗教尤其是印度教于其它宗教尤其是印度教,是排斥。是排斥。“Such a slack,unpunctual“Such a slack,unpunctual（不按时）（不按时）fellow!It is as well you did not go to fellow!It is as well you did not go to their house,for it would give you a their house,for it would give you a wrong idea of India.”wrong idea of India.”30/554 4表现在文化之间分裂和对立上。文化上表现在文化之间分裂和对立上。文化上差异经常造成英国人和印度人之间产生误差异经常造成英国人和印度人之间产生误解，造成沟通和交流失败。解，造成沟通和交流失败。“谈话中停顿不恰当谈话中停顿不恰当,语气被误解语气被误解,使整使整个谈话都会失败个谈话都会失败.”.”31/55Nothings private in India.Like most Orientals,Aziz overrated hospitality,mistaking it for intimacy,and not seeing that it is tainted with the sense of possession.It is only when Mrs.Moore or Fielding was near him that he saw further,and knew that it is more blessed to receive than to give.32/55Snake？Again there is a confusion about a snake which was never cleared up.Miss Quested saw a thin,dark object reared on end at the farther side of a watercourse,and said,“A snake!”The villagers agreed,and Aziz explained:Yes,a black cobra,very venomous,who had reared himself up to watch the passing of the elephant.But when she looked through Ronnys fieldglasses,she found it wasnt a snake,but the withered and twisted stump of a toddy-palm.So she said,“It isnt a snake.”The villagers contradicted her.She had put the word into their minds,and they refused to abandon it.Aziz admitted that it look like a tree through the glasses,but insisted that it was a black cobra really 33/55还有，一个关于蛇糊涂事件到底也没搞清楚。奎斯特小姐还有，一个关于蛇糊涂事件到底也没搞清楚。奎斯特小姐看到河对岸有一个细长黑东西，从尾部直立起来，她说：看到河对岸有一个细长黑东西，从尾部直立起来，她说：“蛇！蛇！”村民也说是。艾席思解释道：是，是一条黑色眼村民也说是。艾席思解释道：是，是一条黑色眼镜蛇镜蛇不过，透过罗尼双筒望远镜看时，她发觉那不是蛇，不过，透过罗尼双筒望远镜看时，她发觉那不是蛇，而是一株棕榈树弯曲枯干。于是，她说：而是一株棕榈树弯曲枯干。于是，她说：“不是蛇。不是蛇。”村村民们就反驳她。她开始判断已经在他们头脑里生了根，现民们就反驳她。她开始判断已经在他们头脑里生了根，现在要改变他们想法也不可能了。艾席思认可用望远镜看时在要改变他们想法也不可能了。艾席思认可用望远镜看时确实橡树。不过他还是坚持说那是一条黑色眼镜蛇确实橡树。不过他还是坚持说那是一条黑色眼镜蛇蛇在西方就是邪恶、魔鬼象征蛇在西方就是邪恶、魔鬼象征 ，在印度，蛇却是守护神，在印度，蛇却是守护神，她是安宁、无限和永恒象征。她是安宁、无限和永恒象征。34/55“Down with the English anyhow.Thats certain.Clear out,you fellows,double quick,I say.We may hate another,but we hate you most.If I dont make you go,Ahrned will,Karim will,if its fifty-five hundred years we shall get rid of you,yes,we shall drive every blasted Englishman into the sea,and thenyou and I will be friends.”英国人会被打倒。这是必英国人会被打倒。这是必定。滚蛋吧，你们这帮英定。滚蛋吧，你们这帮英国佬，赶快滚。我们印度国佬，赶快滚。我们印度人之间可能有仇恨，不过，人之间可能有仇恨，不过，我们最恨是你们英国人。我们最恨是你们英国人。假如我不让你走，阿哈默假如我不让你走，阿哈默德会让你走，克里姆会让德会让你走，克里姆会让你走。即使把你们赶走要你走。即使把你们赶走要花上五百年时间，我们也花上五百年时间，我们也一定要把每一个该死英国一定要把每一个该死英国佬赶下海佬赶下海然后，你和我然后，你和我才能成为朋友才能成为朋友。35/55But the horses didnt want itthey swerved apart,the earth didnt want it,sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file;the temples,the tank,the jail,the palace,the birds,the carrion,the Guest House,that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath:they didnt want it,they said in their hundred voices,“No,not yet,”and the sky said,“No,not there.”36/55不过马儿不需要那种情谊不过马儿不需要那种情谊它们分道而它们分道而行；大地不需要那种情谊，它在路上布下行；大地不需要那种情谊，它在路上布下重重巉岩，使两人不能并辔而行；他们走重重巉岩，使两人不能并辔而行；他们走出山谷，脚下城市马上映入眼帘：那些庙出山谷，脚下城市马上映入眼帘：那些庙宇、坦克、监狱、宫殿、飞鸟、兵营、宾宇、坦克、监狱、宫殿、飞鸟、兵营、宾馆馆全部这些都不需要那种情谊，它们全部这些都不需要那种情谊，它们齐声喊道：齐声喊道：“不，还不到时机！不，还不到时机！”连苍天连苍天也在呼叫：也在呼叫：“不，不在此地！不，不在此地！”37/55异质文化交流困难马拉巴山洞They are dark caves.Even when they open towards the sun,very little light penetrates down the entrance tunnel into the circular chamber.There is little to see,and no eye to see it,until the visitor arrives for five minutes,and strikes a match.Immediately another flame rises in the depths of the rock and moves towards the surface like an imprisoned spirit:the walls of the circular chamber have been most marvellouslly polished.The two flames approach and strive to unite,but cannot,because one of them breathes air,the other stone.The radiance increases,the flames touch one another,kiss,expire.The cave is dark again,like all the caves.”38/55洞内一片漆黑，即使洞口朝着太阳，光线也难以洞内一片漆黑，即使洞口朝着太阳，光线也难以顺着通道透进圆形洞室。洞内没有什么东西可供顺着通道透进圆形洞室。洞内没有什么东西可供观赏，也没有些人来看它。偶然有个游客来到这观赏，也没有些人来看它。偶然有个游客来到这里，划上一根火柴，待早晨分钟就走了。每当擦里，划上一根火柴，待早晨分钟就走了。每当擦亮一根火柴，洞穴深处就会升起一团火焰，像一亮一根火柴，洞穴深处就会升起一团火焰，像一个被囚禁幽灵移向岩石表面；圆形洞室石壁十分个被囚禁幽灵移向岩石表面；圆形洞室石壁十分平整光滑，令人叹为观止。两团火焰相互靠近，平整光滑，令人叹为观止。两团火焰相互靠近，挣扎着要融汇成一体，但却无法结合，因为一团挣扎着要融汇成一体，但却无法结合，因为一团火焰在空气中燃烧，另一团则在石壁之中。火焰在空气中燃烧，另一团则在石壁之中。两团火焰变得更亮了，它们相互接触，相互亲吻，两团火焰变得更亮了，它们相互接触，相互亲吻，最终失去了光芒。洞内又是一片漆黑，同别洞没最终失去了光芒。洞内又是一片漆黑，同别洞没有什么两样。有什么两样。39/55异质文化之间友好相处道路：平等、友好、了解包容性态度平等、友好、了解包容性态度莫尔太太莫尔太太：印度人朋友：印度人朋友 40/55Suddenly he was furiously angry and shouted:“Madam!Madam!Madam!“Oh!Oh!”the woman gasped.“Madam,this is a mosque,you have to right here at all;you should have taken off your shoes;this is a holy place for Moslems.”“I have taken them off.”“You have?”“I left them at the entrance.”“Then I ask your pardon.”“Yes,I was right,was I not?If I remove my shoes,I am allowed?”“Of course,but so few ladies take the trouble,especially if thinking no one if there to see.”“That makes no different,God is here.”41/55他突然勃然大怒，吼道：他突然勃然大怒，吼道：“妇人！妇人！妇人！妇人！妇人！妇人！”“啊呀！啊呀！啊呀！啊呀！”那女人气喘吁吁地说。那女人气喘吁吁地说。“夫人，这是清真寺，你根本无权到这里来；你应该把鞋子脱掉；这夫人，这是清真寺，你根本无权到这里来；你应该把鞋子脱掉；这是穆斯林圣地。是穆斯林圣地。”“我已经把鞋子脱了。我已经把鞋子脱了。”“是吗？是吗？”“我把鞋子留在入口处了。我把鞋子留在入口处了。”“那就请你原谅啦。那就请你原谅啦。”“是，我没有做错事，对吧？只要我把鞋子脱了，你们允许我进来，是，我没有做错事，对吧？只要我把鞋子脱了，你们允许我进来，是吧？是吧？”“当然能够，不过女士们极少光临此地，尤其想到这儿无人可见，就当然能够，不过女士们极少光临此地，尤其想到这儿无人可见，就更不来了。更不来了。“那没什么关系。真主就在这儿。那没什么关系。真主就在这儿。”42/55（四）印度之行中不友好双声：（四）印度之行中不友好双声：反殖民话语和殖民话语反殖民话语和殖民话语福斯特一直否定他写印度之行有任何福斯特一直否定他写印度之行有任何政治考虑。政治考虑。:“这部作品并不是一部政治性这部作品并不是一部政治性小说小说,即使小说中政治问题引发了公众注意即使小说中政治问题引发了公众注意,并使小说畅销。其实并使小说畅销。其实,小说所说事比政治辽小说所说事比政治辽阔得多。它讨论了整个宇宙阔得多。它讨论了整个宇宙,印度土地和天印度土地和天空只不过是表达了这个宇宙空只不过是表达了这个宇宙”。实际上是政治性显著小说实际上是政治性显著小说 43/55小说强烈政治色彩 首先，小说中充满了反殖民主义话语。首先，小说中充满了反殖民主义话语。其次，小说反殖民主义思想背后，又不时其次，小说反殖民主义思想背后，又不时闪现殖民话语痕迹。闪现殖民话语痕迹。对事件含糊态度对事件含糊态度44/55双重倾向主要表现在作品景物描写和人物双重倾向主要表现在作品景物描写和人物刻画中。刻画中。（1）景物描写：）景物描写：印度印度 风景：充满生机风景：充满生机、混乱、单调和神秘、混乱、单调和神秘 西方风景：井然有序、友好且含有理性精西方风景：井然有序、友好且含有理性精神神。45/55Egypt was charming-a green strip of carpetAlexandriabright blue sky,constant wind,clean low oast-line,as against the intricacies of Bombay.Crete welcomed him next with the long snowy ridge of its mountains,and then come Venice.As he landed on the pizzzetta a cup of beauty was lifted to his lips,and he drank with a sense of disloyalty.The buildings of Venice,like the mountains of Crete and the fields of Egypt,stood in the right place,whereas in poor India everything was placed wrong.Form stammered here and there in a mosque,became rigid through nervousness even,but oh these Italian Churches!46/55埃及风景迷人埃及风景迷人一条绿色狭长地毯，一条绿色狭长地毯，亚历山大上空天亚历山大上空天色蔚蓝明亮，海风渐渐，平缓海岸线清洁洁净，与孟买朦色蔚蓝明亮，海风渐渐，平缓海岸线清洁洁净，与孟买朦胧景色形成了鲜明对照。接着，克里特岛蜿蜒波折，终年胧景色形成了鲜明对照。接着，克里特岛蜿蜒波折，终年大雪覆盖山脉映入他眼帘，随即，轮船驶入了威尼斯港。大雪覆盖山脉映入他眼帘，随即，轮船驶入了威尼斯港。一踏上威尼斯市广场，他情不自禁地对那里漂亮景色赞口一踏上威尼斯市广场，他情不自禁地对那里漂亮景色赞口不绝，他陶醉在美景之中，几乎乐而忘返。威尼斯大厦于不绝，他陶醉在美景之中，几乎乐而忘返。威尼斯大厦于希腊克里特岛山脉和埃及原野一样，所处位置恰到好处；希腊克里特岛山脉和埃及原野一样，所处位置恰到好处；而在可怜印度，一切东西似乎都放错了地方。而在可怜印度，一切东西似乎都放错了地方。清真寺里清真寺里景致东一个西一点，断断续续，那么拘谨，那么刻板。可景致东一个西一点，断断续续，那么拘谨，那么刻板。可你看，这些意大利教堂多么美啊！你看，这些意大利教堂多么美啊！47/55（2）人物描写）人物描写艾席思艾席思：正面印度人形象。首先，正直、：正面印度人形象。首先，正直、善良、热情善良、热情,热爱自己祖国和信仰自己宗教。热爱自己祖国和信仰自己宗教。另首先，卑躬屈膝另首先，卑躬屈膝 普通印度人普通印度人：愚昧、迷信、懒散、自卑、：愚昧、迷信、懒散、自卑、古怪人古怪人48/55He(Rony)pointed to the dusky line beyond the court,and here and there it flashed a pince-nez of shuffled a shoe,as if aware that he was despising it.European costume had lighted like a leprosy.Few had yielded entirely,but none was untouched.“球场那边肤色黝黑球场那边肤色黝黑人群中处处有夹鼻眼人群中处处有夹鼻眼镜闪光镜闪光,他们脚在地上他们脚在地上移来移去移来移去,欧洲服装样欧洲服装样式像麻风病一样在印式像麻风病一样在印度人传输开来。度人传输开来。”49/55To be addressed by so high an official was a permanent asset.They didnt mind how long they stood,or how little happened”“一位如此高级官员一位如此高级官员发表演说含有永恒价发表演说含有永恒价值值,聆听机会实在难得。聆听机会实在难得。他们站多长