完形填空解题攻略z.doc

完形填空解题攻略

高考完形填空不仅考查考生是否熟悉课标所规定的词汇、语法结构、常见的词与词之间的搭配，还考查考生的分析判断能力、逻辑推理能力。综合而言，完形填空主要测试考生以下五个方面的能力。
(一)上下文语义理解
完形填空首先从语篇的角度综合测试考生对文章的理解能力，需要考生在充分理解上下文的基础上填入一个符合上下文语境的词，从而使文章意思完整。上下文语义理解题在完形填空题中比重最大。考生在做完形填空题时，切忌只见树木，不见森林，抛开语篇孤立地看句子的做题方法是绝对不可取的。
[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Michael Greenberg is a very popular New Yorker. He is not famous in sports or the arts. But people in the streets __16__ him, especially those who are __17__.
16．A.know about　　　　 B．learn from
C．cheer for D．look after
17．A.old B．busy
C．kind D．poor
(二)语法结构及逻辑关系
语法结构分析题在每年的完形填空中所占的比重较小，主要集中于考查定语从句、状语从句、倒装句、比较句或并列平行结构等语法项目，选项常设置为这些语法结构的结构连词。逻辑关系一般包括并列、递进、因果、转折、让步、时间、顺序及举例等。
[典例]　(2013·浙江高考)The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasn't just to respect the French people __39__ to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.
39．A.and B．but
C．or D．so
(三)习惯搭配及固定结构
虽然考查词语的固定搭配在完形填空题中所占比重较小，但也是考查重点之一，主要包括动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等习惯性搭配及英语中一些常用的固定句式。
[典例]　(2013·江西高考)“Dangerous？” she had said. “You just don't want me to have __43__. I'm going and if you try to stop me, I'll scream.”
43．A.time B．money
C．food D．fun
(四)词义辨析
英语中有很多近义或形近的易混词语，有些词语在意义上十分相近，但在用法上却存在细微区别；有的词语词形上十分相近，词义却大相径庭；动词搭配不同的介词或副词，意义差别很大。完形填空题中常会涉及这些近义、形近词(短语)的辨析与辨认，这就要求考生不但要能够充分理解上下文，还要掌握这些近义或形近词(短语)，尤其需要牢记一些常用动词和介词短语。
[典例]　(2013·天津高考)He always puts our happiness __32_before__ his own, and never fails to cheer me on at my sports games __33__ his exhaustion after long days. His loving and selfless nature has inspired me to become more sympathetic and __34__， putting others first.
33．A.in spite of B．in terms of
C．in control of D．in place of
34．A.careful B．regretful
C．considerate D．humorous
(五)生活常识及文化背景
完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历，还要能够驾驭全文，弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。
[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)In winter, Mr. Greenberg does not 20_act like other New Yorkers, who look at the sidewalk and __21__ the street.
21．A.cross over B．drive along
C．hurry down D．keep off

完形填空注重在语境中考查词义。几乎所有的备选项都要通过联系上文或下文而确定。因此答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子(段内)决定，还有的由整个语篇内容(跨段)综合决定。因此，依据完形填空设题的信息来源，可将完形填空题分为句内层次题、段内层次题和跨段层次题。明确了解题信息源，就锁定了思考范围，有利于考场快速准确答题。
(一)句内层次题
句内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话即可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析、生活常识和文化背景、习惯搭配及固定结构、语法结构及逻辑关系等五种。
[典例1]　(2013·安徽高考)If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why.Do you need it for a __36__ reason, such as your job or your studies?
36．A.technical　　　　　　 B．political
C．practical D．physical
[典例2]　(2013·浙江模拟)I saw their bodies, but I couldn't feel their souls __23__ their souls belonged to the Net.
23．A.because B．when
C．until D．unless
(二)段内层次题
段内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话不能找出正确答案，需要结合题目所在句子以外的句子(段内)才可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析和逻辑关系三种。
[典例1]　(2013·湖北高考)Zigfried, a little mouse, blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside.Still nobody came.Maybe today, he thought __31__.It was only a few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle (奇迹)．
31．A.carefully　　　　　　　　 B．excitedly
C．hopefully D．proudly
[典例2]　(2013·湖北高考)The house came __45_alive__ the next few days.Zigfried __46_enjoyed__ every single hour of them. __47__， the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a __48_satisfied__ smile at the door of his home, he heard the __49_discussion__ of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas.What? A cat? The __50_smile__ froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.After a long while, he at last found his voice：“Hey! Whose Christmas miracle is this？”
47．A.However B．Instead
C．Moreover D．Therefore
(三)跨段层次题
跨段层次类题目是指通过阅读题目所在的段落不能够确定答案，需要结合其他段落才能找到正确答案的题目。这类题目的答案信息源可能在前面的段落内，也可能在后面的段落内。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解和逻辑关系两种。
[典例1]　(2013·湖南高考)When I was 8 years old, I once decided to run away from home.With my suitcase __36_packed__ and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door and said to Mom, “I'm leaving.”
“If you want to __37__， that's all right，” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same way.”
…
The door inched open and Mom's smiling face appeared.“Did you change your __47_decision__ about running away？” she asked.
37．A.drop out B．go by
C．move around D．run away
[典例2]　(2010·安徽高考)…
First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be __40_easy__ to use.
…
Then, the writing point of the pen should __46_allow__ the ink to flow evenly (均匀的) while that pen remains in touch with the paper.
…
__52__， the pen should make a thick, dark line ...
52．A.Meanwhile B．Generally
C．Afterwards D．Finally

解答完形填空题的关键在于能否准确理解上下文中的“照应”关系，迅速排除干扰选项，而要想做到这一点，掌握一定的技巧和方法是十分必要的。下面我们将介绍七招解题技巧，为考生提供应试“利器”。
(一)代入法
如果不能很有把握地直接选出某一道题的答案，可以先将各选项代入空白处，排除明显不符合题意的选项，从而缩小选择的范围。具体来讲，可以利用如下线索：
1．将各选项代入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除使句子明显不通顺的选项；
2．寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能与其搭配的选项；
3．根据上下文的时态、语态和语气排除不符合要求的选项。
[典例]　(2013·北京高考)Leaping on a narrow balance beam (平衡木) is not easy. But Lola Walter, a 13­year­old gymnast, is an expert at it.
To perfect her skills, Lola __36__ for four hours a day, five days a week. At the state championships in March, she finished seventh out of 16 girls.
36．A.runs　　　　　　　 B．teaches
C．trains D．dances
(二)习惯搭配及固定结构照应法
照应法指的是根据空格前或者空格后出现的暗示线索选择答案的解题方法。
英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现，完形填空题中的词汇也不例外。很多时候，在分析语境、理清空白处含义的基础上，利用对短语搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。
完形填空中也经常会测试一些固定结构、固定句式，这时考生就需要用到结构照应法来解题。
[典例1]　(2013·北京高考)To be a top­level gymnast, one must be brave. The beam is probably the most __46_fearful__ for anyone because it's four inches wide. At the state competition, Lola didn't fall __47__ the beam. In fact, she got an 8.1 out of 10 — her highest score yet.
47．A.to B．on
C．off D．against
[典例2]　(2013·安徽高考)Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes __52__ you're much less likely to make them again.
52．A.if B．and C．but D．before
(三)原词复现照应法
短文中为了表达的需要，经常用到“原词复现(包括其派生词)”，即主题词或其他重要词汇一般会在短文中反复出现，考生需要捕捉此信息点。
[典例]　(2013·四川高考)Even though I was used to regular insults (侮辱) because of the __11__ on my head, it was __12_still__ horrible to hear.
...“But she'll be __17_left__ with scars on her head, and of course her hair won't grow there.”
As a child, I cared much about my scars, so I __18_usually wore a scarf to cover them up when I left home.
11．A.hat B．scarf C．scars D．cuts
(四)反义词照应法
反义词的功能是在两个词之间可以形成一种意义有区别的对比关系，因而也能促使语篇的衔接，达到语义贯通的目的。反义词，包括绝对反义词、关系反义词和互补反义词，都可能通过双方或多方的复现使语篇连贯。
[典例]　(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)It runs in the __33_family__. Michael's father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier. Michael Greenberg feels the __34_same__. A pair of gloves may be a __35__ thing, but it can make a big difference in winter.
35．A.small B．useful
C．delightful D．comforting
(五)同义或近义词复现照应法
同义词或近义词在语篇中复现能帮助语篇达到句子相互衔接和语义连贯。严格地说，完全同义词非常少，所以在语篇中使用完全同义词的也非常少，而近义词的使用却比比皆是。因此，考生可以根据同义或近义词的复现来解题。
[典例]　(2013·湖南高考)“Wait a minute，” Mom said. “I want your __39_clothes__ back. You didn't wear anything when you arrived.” This really angered me. I tore my clothes off — shoes, socks, underwear and all — and __40__， “Can I go now？”“Yes，” Mom answered, “but once you close that door, don't expect to come back.”
40．A.explained B．suggested
C．continued D．shouted
(六)逻辑关系照应法
语篇是一些意义相关的句子被合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。语篇衔接与连贯中的逻辑纽带能表达出作者的思路和篇章的意义重心，因此非常重要。逻辑纽带主要是由表示时间与空间关系、列举与例证、比较与对比、引申与递进、让步与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果等逻辑概念的过渡词组成的。利用这些逻辑纽带，有助于迅速解题。
[典例]　(2013·重庆高考)Hard though she tried to make the kids __40__， the thunder won the battle for their attention.
40．A.concentrate B．change
C．hide D．sit
(七)生活常识及文化背景知识应用法
由于完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。
[典例]　(2012·湖北高考)He agreed, but __43_added__， “An odometer without a speedometer (速度计) is like a __44__ without a knife.”
44．A.pencil B．fork C．box D．cake