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英语组陈鵷教案.docx

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高三第二轮复习教案 陈鵷 冠词 1. 定冠词的基本用法 用于特指一定的人、事物或上下文提到的 人、事物。如: I woke up with a bad headache, yet by the evening the pain had gone.   (2) 在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如: The moon turns round the earth. (3) 在单数名词前,表示某一类别或某项发 明。如:The tiger is a dangerous animal. (4) 在由普通名词构成的专有名词前及表示江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等的名词前。如: We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes. (5) 在序数词、形容词最高级前或用于特 指“两者中较……的一个”。如: As is known to all, the People’s Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world. (6) 在方位名词前、某些习惯用语或表示时间 的词组中:on the left, in the east / west, on the other hand, in the end, the other day等。 (7) 在形容词前表示一类人或事物。如:the poor / rich / young / dying / good / unknown 等。 (8) 在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇 二人。如:The Smiths are sitting at the table. (9) 在表示度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”。 如: —It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. —Right, he will also get paid by the week. . 零冠词的用法(不用冠词的情况) (1) 复数名词表泛指时,其前不加冠词。如: The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.  (2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名 词所有格时,其前不用冠词。如: Jack’s English book is lying on his desk. (3) 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词和表示人名、地名 等的名词前,通常不用冠词。如: Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.  (4) 表示季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐的名词 前,以及表示体育运动项目、学科、运输或通讯方 式等的名词前,通常不用冠词。如: We’re going to watch a match on Sunday. (5) 表示职务、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语等 时,其前不用冠词。如: Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take place of George. (6) 在某些固定搭配中, 如:at dawn, on second thoughts, come to light, come to power, give birth to, out of control, in public, ahead of time, in debt, hand in hand, in place of, do harm to等。 4. 有无冠词意义迥异的短语 无冠词 有冠词 on office执政 in the office在办公室 in prison 坐牢 in the/a prison在监狱 go to church 去做礼拜 go to the church 去教堂 go to sea 当水手 go to the sea 去海边 in charge of 负责,管理 in the charge of 由……负责 out of question 不成问题 out of the question不可能 5. 不定冠词用于短语搭配中。 (1) “have/take+a(n)+与动词同形的名词”, 表示动作的一次。 have/take a rest 休息一会儿 have/take a look 看一下 have/take a bath 洗个澡 6. 定冠词用于固定搭配。 in the morning; on the other hand; on the contrary; on the air; in the end; come to the point; the ABC of... 7. 在一些固定短语中,名词前不用冠词。 at night; at home; day after day; by telephone; in danger; on purpose; out of control; under+n.; be home to 名词 一、名词的数 1. 有些名词的复数形式具有特殊意义,如custom 风俗→ customs 海关, arm 臂→ arms 武器, ash 灰 →ashes 骨灰, brain 脑→ brains(群体中)最聪明的人, manner 方式→ manners 礼貌, work 工作→ works 工厂。 2. 有些名词单复数同形,如sheep, goldfish, spacecraft, Chinese, means, species。 3. 有些名词形式上是单数,但却表示复数意义, 如cattle, police, public, staff。 4. 有些名词的复数形式有特殊的变化,如child → children, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice, phenomenon → phenomena。 5. 复合名词变复数形式有三种情况: 1) 将最后一部分变为复数,如theatre-goers, fire-engines, grown-ups。 2) 将主体名词变为复数,如editors-in-chief, runners-up。 3) 将两部分皆变为复数。这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man 或woman,如men servants, women doctors。 二、名词所有格 1. ’s 所有格:主要用于表示人或较高级动物的名词后,如Shelley’s best poems, dog’s leg。 也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后,如yesterday's lesson, an hour's drive。 注意:'s 所有格所修饰名词的省略: 1) ' s 所有格所修饰的名词如之前已出现, 则可以省略。如: —Whose seat is this? —It is Mary's. 2) 's 所有格后的名词如指商店、家等地点时, 该名词常省略。如: I'm going to the barber's. I went to Paul's, but he was at his cousin's. 3) 有些教堂、宫殿、医院、学院等名称前有's 所有格时,该名称可省略。如: St. James’ = St. James’s Palace 圣詹姆斯宫 Guy’s = Guy’s Hospital 盖伊医院 2. of所有格: 1) 用于无生命的东西,如the cost of the meal, the end of the day。 2) 用于名词化的词,如the livelihood of the poor。 3) 用于修饰语较多时,如the very long tail of the old black horse。 4) 用于代词或数词后,如some of the books, five of the top financial experts。 3. 双重所有格:由“of +名词的's 所有格”或“of +名词性物主代词”构成,如a friend of Mark's, that lovely dog of hers。 三、名词的功用 名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语、状语等 考点归纳 考点一 名词词义辨析 高考对名词词义辨析的考查主要体现在单项填空和完形填空中,其选项基本上是形似的词、意义相近但用法不同的词或者形式和意义都不相关的词。解这类题的关键是要弄清楚选项中各个名词的含义,同时也要注意联系上下文的搭配和语境。 考点二 名词固定搭配 The dictionary is out of ______: many words have been added to the language since it was published. (2016 天津) 考点三 名词的格 名词所有格主要体现在短文改错中。如: When I finally arrived at my friend’s he lent me lots of clothes.   考点四 名词的数 对名词单复数的考查主要体现在单词拼写、 语法填空以及短文改错中。 1. Any smell might attract natural 65. ________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda. (四川2016) 考点五 名词构词法 对名词构词法的考查主要体现在语法填空 中。 The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative ____________ (explain) are hard to find. (2017 江苏) 2. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is ________ (honest). (2016新课标全国卷I) 代词 一、代词分类 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 人 称 代 词 主格 I  you he, she, it we you they 宾格 me you him, her, it us you them 物 主 代 词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their 名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs 反身 代词 myself yourself himself, herself, itself ours-elves your-selves them- selves 指示代词 this, that these, those 疑问代词 what, which, who, whom, whose 关系代词 that, which, who, whose, as 连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 不定代词 all, both, either, other, another, one, each, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, some, any, none, no one, more, most 复合不定代词 someone, anyone, something, anything, nothing, everything, everyone, nobody… 相互代词 宾格 each other, one another 所有格 each other’s, one another’s 一、人称代词 人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格在句中作主语、表语等成,宾格在句中作动词、介词宾语、同位语等成分,有时也可作表语。不仅指人,也可指物,有人称和数的变化。 【注意】在连词than和as引导的比较状语从句中常常省略从句,只保留人称代词,人称代词作主语时要用主格,在口语中也常用宾格;但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如: My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口语中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此时只能用I) 二、物主代词 1. 物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词 性物主代词,必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如: The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时,如果前面有every,each修饰,谓语动词用单数,代词用his。如: Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers. 2. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,只能作 名词或动名词的定语。 e.g. This is our classroom. Would you mind my opening the window? 3. 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代 词+名词”,可单独作主语、宾语、表 语。此外,名词性物主代词还可与名词及 of连用,构成双重所有格。如: This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 三、反身代词 1. 反身代词通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如: He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday. 2. 反身代词可以作主语的同位语,主要起加 强语气的作用,意为“亲自,本人,亲 身”。 e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road themselves. 3. 反身代词可以在be, feel, look, seem等系动 词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正 常。 e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you? —I’m not feeling myself today, not serious, though. 注意 (1) 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (正) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。 (误) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第 二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。 e.g. Charles and myself saw it. (3) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for等介 词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。 e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4. 反身代词的习惯搭配 介词+反身代词 for oneself 为自己;亲自地 to oneself 对自己;独用 of oneself 自动地 by oneself 独自地 (2) 动词+反身代词 dress oneself 自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客气 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自学 come to oneself 苏醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 过得愉快,玩得高兴 help oneself to 自行取用,请自便 accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 习惯于 amuse oneself 消遣,自娱 behave oneself 表现良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 说明自己的意图 express oneself 表达自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于,放纵 一、指示代词 指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个(些)”、“那个(些)”。 1. 指上文提到的事物,一般用that,有时也用this;指下文将要提到的事物,常用this或these。如: He said I was lying, and that was unfair. (that指代上文He said I was lying) What I want you to remember is this: Practise makes perfect. (此句中this指代下文,不能换为that) 2. that/those可作定语从句的先行词,但 this/these不能;其中those可指人,但that 不能。如: She has known that which she wanted to know. I admire those who are always helping others. (those作定语从句的先行词,指人) 二、相互代词 相互代词是表示相互关系的代词,只有each other和one another两个词组,都表示“互相,相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作动词 或介词的宾语。如: Let’s help each other and learn from each other. They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定语时each other和one another须用 所有格,表示“彼此的”。如: We said hello to one another’s/each other’s family. 三、疑问代词 疑问代词是用来进行提问,构成特殊疑问句的词,包括who, whom, whose, what, which等。 1. 疑问代词后接­ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 表泛指,意为“无论……”。如: You have our support, whatever you decide. Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize. I don’t want to see them, whoever they are. (2) 置于疑问代词后,用于加强语气。如: Whatever do you mean? Whoever heard of such a thing! 2. 疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事 物的单复数形式来确定,如果不清楚代表的 人或物是复数还是单数,则谓语动词多用单 数形式。who/what/which作主语时,谓语动 词既可以用单数形式,也可以用复数形式。 如: What he needs most is his mother’s love. What we need are good books. 四、不定代词 1)不定代词可分为两类: a. 由body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词 人 物 某 someone / somebody something 任何 anyone / anybody anything 每个,所有 everyone / everybody everything 没有 no one / nobody nothing b. some, any, both, none, either, neither, all, one, each, many, much, another, other, more, most, few, little等。 2)不定代词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表 语、同位语、定语或状语。如: One should be careful when crossing the street. Tess went and said goodbye to all her favourite cows, touching each of them with her hand. He was little or nothing of a translator. In that case, we’ll each pay half. There’s still some wine in the bottle. It was nothing like what I had imagined. 3)复合不定代词构成的固定短语: anything but根本不,一点也不 nothing but只不过 do nothing but 只有,除……之外什么事也不做 have something/nothing to do with 与……有/无关 something of有点,有几分 16
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