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By,before,until三个介词的用法区别
一、until与by的区别
1. by表示在某特定的时间之前或不迟于某特定的时间,意为"最迟在;不迟于"或"在……之前"等。如:
①I will finish my task by nine.我将在九点钟前完成任务。
②The plane takes off at 10:00, so you must try to be at the airport by 9:30.飞机在十点钟起飞,所以你必须在九点半赶到机场。
2. until用在肯定句,谓语动词通常是延续性动词,如stand, stay, talk, wait等,表示主句动作终止的时间。如:
③I waited until he came back.我一直等到他回来。
④The war lasted until 1945.战争持续到1945年。
如果用在否定句,谓语动词通常是瞬间性动词,如open, start, leave, arrive, finish, stop等,强调主句动作开始的时间。如:
⑤I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。
⑥The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
二、until与before的区别
1.可直接换用的情况:在until能使用的句型中,即主句含有否定式终止性谓语动词或肯定式延续性动词,可与before直接替换,意义差别不大。如:
①The students won't go home until / before they finish their homework.学生们要先完成作业才能回家。
②The woman worked in the factory until/before 1990. 1990年以前这妇女在这家工厂上班。
2.不可换用的情况:当主句含有肯定式终止性谓语动词时,只能用before不能用until,且before常意为"没来得及……"或"……才……"等。如:
③Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦差不多将我撞倒才看见了我。
④He had measured me before I could get in a word.我还没来得及插话,他就把我的尺寸量好了。
三、not until的倒装与强调结构
1.当Not until位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...。如:
①Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
②Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才开运动会。
2. not until的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+...。上面两句改为强调句为:
③It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking.
④It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.
四、By与before
1. by表示不迟于某一点时间(可能是现在,也可能是过去),包括了那一点。例如:
You'd better come back by 8'o clock.
He had finished the work by ten o'clock this morning.到今天上午十点钟, 他已完成了这项工作。
2. By与before都可以做介词与副词,但是Before还可以做连词,当两者都表示在----之前这意思时候,By的词性只能是介词,而Before三种词性都可以用来表达。简单点说,By在表示在--之前,只能表示在某个时间点之前,而且已经非常接近这个时间点,而Before离这个时间点,还很长。
3. China plans to expand its high-speed railway network to 50,000 km by 2020, to cover almost all large and medium-sized cities.
by 2020 是到2020年,刚好2020年
before2020是在2020年以前
以上两种表示法,仔细分析意思完全不一样的,不能互换,否则计划会变得完全不一样。
before与by都可表示“在……之前”,但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。
before 与 by 都可表示“在……之前”,但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。
by monday一般用于将来完成时I will have been at home for a month by monday.
before monday一般用于将来时或过去完成时I must finish my homework before
monday.
When while as区别和用法
by, before, when, until, afte…
As引导的从句
一、简单记忆
(1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,从句表示的是一个持续性动作,三者都可用:
He fell asleep when [while, as] he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
【注】as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时,主句的谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development) 意味的动词,一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等),所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as:
A:I'm going to the post office. 我要去邮局。
B:While you're there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时,能帮我买几张邮票吗?
(2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,通常要用 while, while 不能换为 as
Don't talk while you're eating. 吃饭时不要说话。
I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候,我默不做声。
但是,若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边…一边”之意思,通常用 as:
She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。
(3) 若从句是一个短暂性动作,主句是一个持续性动作,可用 when(不规范时也可用as , 但不用 while:
It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。
(4) 若主、从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作,用 as / when:
I thought of it just when [as] you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候,我也想到了。
(5) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况,相当于汉语的“随着”,一般用 as:
Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移,情况越来越好。
As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚,天气越冷。
As the science and technology is developing, there are more means of
communication.
(6) 表示“每当…的时候”(暗示一种规律性),一般要用 when:
It's cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。
He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。
(7) 若主、从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序时,一般要用 when:
I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时,我就回家去。
(8) when 可用作并列连词,表示“这时(突然)”;while 也可以用作并列连词,表示“而”、“却”(表示对比);但 as 则没有类似用法:
We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要出发,这时天开始下雨了。
He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡,而她却喜欢茶。
(9) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词,构成省略句,但 while 一般不这样用:
As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。
=As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。
(10) when 和 while 后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句,但 as 一般不这样用:
When [While] reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。
When [While] in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。
二、系统串讲
一、 as的意思是“正当……时候(just as,at the same moment that)”
“随着……(while,when)”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点,也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续,即“点点重合”“段段重合”;
又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中,即“点线重合”,但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作,二者均可用进行时,也可以一个用进行时,一个用一般时或者都用一般时。例如:
1、As I got on the bus, he got off.我上车,他下车。(点点重合)
2、 He was writing as I was reading.我看书时,他在写字。(段段重合)
3、 The students were talking as the teacher came in.老师进来时,学生们正在讲话。(点段重合)
二、while的意思是“在……同时(at the same time that )”“在……期间(for as long as, during the time that)”。从while的本身词义来看,它只能表示一段时间,不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“段段重合”或“点段重合”,但不能表示“点点重合”。例如:
1、He was watching TV while she was cooking. =可用when代替她做饭时,他在看电视。(段段重合)
2、 He was waiting for me while I was working. =可用when代替我工作的时候,他正等着我。(段段重合)
3、 He asked me a question while I was speaking.=可用when代替我在讲话时,他问了我一个问题。(点段重合)
三、when的意思是“当……时候(at the time that)”“无论什么时候(whenever)” “一……就……(as soon as )” “在……以后(after)”。它表示的时间概念比较广泛,上述例句中的as或while均可用when代替,因为when不但可以表示具体的时间点,而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示“点点重合”“段段重合”,又能表示“点段重合”。例如:
1、When he came in,she went out.他进来,她出去。(点点重合)
此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点,when可以用as代替,但不能用while代替。
2、When he came back,I was doing some washing.他回来时,我在洗衣服。(点段重合)
此句中when从句的动作表示的是一个时间点,所以只能用as代替,不能用while代替。
3. When Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时,孩子们都在外面玩。(段段重合)
此句中的when从句的动作表示的是一段时间,故可用as 或 while代替。
三、初学者必读
一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分
1、“主短---从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如:
Jim hurt his arm while[when, as] he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。
As[When, While] she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。
注意:as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时,其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development)意味的动词,一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be,seem,love,want,agree,see,know,have等),所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as:
A:I'm going to the post office. 我要去邮局。
B:While you are there, can you get me some stamps?当你在邮局时,能帮我买几张邮票吗?
2、“主长---从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while。
I always listen to the radio while I'm driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。
He didn't ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。
但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时,则习惯上要用as。如:
He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。
I couldn't remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along. 我想不出有什么故事可给孩子讲了,只好现编现讲。
3、“主长---从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as或when,但不能用while。如:
It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。
When [As] he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时,我在听收音机。
二、根据主句与从句动作是否同时发生来区分
1、若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“一……就”的意思,英语一般要用as (也可用when)。如:
The ice cracked as [when] I stepped onto it. 我一踩冰就裂了。
He jumped to his feet as the boss came in. 老板一进来他立刻站了起来。
但是,在hardly [scarcely]…when…句式中,不能将when换成as。如:
Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain. 我们刚一到就下起雨来了。
2、若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“正要……就”“正要……却”的意思,英语一般要用as(也可用when),且此时通常连用副词just。如:
I caught him just when [as] he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候,我把他截住了。
Just as [when] the two men were leaving, a message arrived. 就在这两个人要离开的时候,突然有了消息。
三、根据是否具有伴随变化来区分
若要表示主句动作伴随从句动作同时发展变化,有类似汉语“随着”的意思,英语习惯上要用as,而不用when或while。如:
The room grew colder as the fire burnt down. 随着炉火逐渐减弱,房间越来越冷。
As time goes by my memory seems to get worse. 随着时间的流逝,我的记忆力似乎越来越差。
注:若不是引导从句,而是引出一个短语,则用with,不用as。如:
With winter coming on, it's time to buy warm clothes. 随着冬天到来,该买暖和衣裳了。
The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset. 随着太阳下落,影子也逐渐伸长。
With the development of science and technology , now there are more means of communication.
四、根据从句动作的规律性来区分
若暗示一种规律性,表示“每当……的时候”,英语一般要用when。如:
It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。
He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。
五、根据主从句动作的先后顺序来区分
若主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序时,一般要用when。如:
When he arrives he'll tell us all about the match. 等他到了,他会好好给我们讲讲那场比赛的情况。
When she had finished she waited as though for a reply. 她讲完之后等了等,仿佛是在等候回答似的。
六、根据是否具有“趁机”意味来区分
1、若从句所表示的“当……的时候”具有“趁机”的意味,则通常用while。如:
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
I tried to slip the note to him while the teacher wasn't looking. 我想趁老师不注意时把条子偷偷递给他。
有时也用when。如:
He stole the money when no one was by. 他趁旁边无人时把钱偷走了。
The boy looks at her repeatedly when she's not looking. 那男孩趁她没看他的时候不断地盯着她看。
七、根据是否用作并列连词来区分
when可用作并列连词,表示“这时(突然)”;while也可以用作并列连词,表示“而”“却”(表示对比);但as则没有类似用法。如:
I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door. 我正要睡觉,听见有人敲门。
One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains. 一个人会喜欢在海滨度假,而另一个人会喜欢在山里度假。
八、根据所引出的省略句来区分
1、 as和when之后均可直接跟一个名词,构成省略句;但是while一般不这样用。如:
As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。
As [When] still a student, he wrote a novel. 当他还是个学生的时候,他就写了一本小说。
2、when和while之后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句,但as一般不这样用。如:
When [While] reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。
When [While] in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。
You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old. 你趁年轻时必须努力学习,不然到老了你会后悔的。
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