高三非谓语动词复习(学生版).doc

海安县实验中学2012-2013届语法复习之非谓语动词
高三非谓语动词复习（学生版）
一、概述
基本形式的变化：
不定式：
时态
主动态
被动态
一般式

进行式

完成式

例1：John said that he had run in order to _______ (catch) the bus.
例2：He hated to ___________________(misunderstand) by others.
例3：He pretended to ______________(listen) attentively.
例4：He intended to___________(tell) you that but he was too busy yesterday.
例5：This work of art seemed to _________(create) several centuries ago.
V-ing形式：
时态
主动态
被 动 态
一般式

完成式

不及物动词没有被动式
动名词
例1：I am sure of his__________(come) in time.
例2：__________ (Careless) is not a good habit.
例3：He is proud of___________(select) as monitor.
例4：I don’t remember_________(meet) him before..
例5：He complained of____________ (cheat) by others.
现在分词
例1：He sat in a chair,___________(read) a novel.
例2：The car__________ (repair) now belongs to my uncle.
例3：The manager, _____________ (make) it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room .
例4：____________(use) for two years, tha car needs repairing.
2、所做成分
项目/成分
主语
表语
宾语
宾补
定语
状语
动词的ing形式
动名词

现在分词

过去分词

不定式

二、基本知识
（一）动词不定式在句中充当的成分
(1)作主语。
例如：To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
______________ 赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的
在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。
例如： 对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
(2)作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，happen，seem
例如： _____________________他成功地通过了考试。
_____________________他答应9点钟到这儿。
_____________________我没有料到在这儿见到你。
在某些复合宾语中，常it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。
例如： _____________________他认为最好现在就离开。
___________________我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。
(3)作定语（常置于名词之后）。
由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词代词的的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)  
例如:She is always the first student to arrive at school.
_____________________他总是最后一个离开办公室。
_____________________我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。
例如：I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at. I found no one to play with.
(4)作状语
例如：I walked slowly on the ice in order _.（不至于跌倒）  (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)
He tried _____________________结果没有成功
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修饰下列形容词:
able, afraid, angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
例如： _____________________法语难学。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
(5)作独立副词成分。
例如：To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
(6)与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
例如： 什么时候出发还没有定。
问题是怎样才能及时到达哪儿。
注：在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider, understand, learn, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
例如：He didn’t know what to do next.
我没有决定是否到日本去。
▲不定式的复合结构
由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
例如： 你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。
他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式复合结构，常与以下形容词连用：bold, brave, careless, civil, clever,foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。
例如：It’s kind of you to say so.
_______to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
▲不带to 的动词不定式
(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel,smell,
hear, watch等。
例如： 老师常常让我把作文重写。
将该句转换成被动语态：_________________________________________
(2)在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。
例如：I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
_____________________我只好接受他的建议。
(3)在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反
之则接带to 的动词不定式。
例如： ________________我们除了等待别无选择（我们只好等待）。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
(4) 在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to
例如：Why argue with him?
_____________________为什么不把那些书送回去？
（二）动名词在句中充当的成分
(1)作主语
例如： _____________________请求帮助有时是必要的。
_____________________吃得太多对你的健康不利。
(2)作补语、表语例如：
Seeing is believing.
_____________________我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。
(3)作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语
mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短语动词：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，prevent…from，set about，can't help，be/get used to等;语：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等
例如：The mother did agree to let the boy_______________________________.冒险游过河
His wife _____________________inside the room but ______________outside the room.
他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。
All of them ___________________________ them a few days longer.
他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn't _________________________.不想吃任何东西
另在want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系）。
例如：My hair needs cutting. (= _______________________.)
(5) 作定语。它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。
例如：The factory built _______________ last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good _______________.教学方法
(6) 作同位语。例如：His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
▲动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格 +动名词构成， 在句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如：Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
▲动名词的某些固定结构
(1) It is+no use,no good(fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time,a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
____________________.哭没有用。
It is no good objecting.________
_______________________________________设法解释是浪费时间。
(2)It is+useless+doing sth．
It is useless speaking.____________
(3)There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
例如：There is no knowing how old she is.(= _______________________________________.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= __________________________________________.)
(4)make a point of + doing “认为…是必要的”
例如：Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(=__________________________)
(5)be on the point of + doing “濒临，将要…”
例如：He was on the point of leaving.
(6)on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
例如：On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= _______________________________________)
(7)go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)
例如：He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
(8)动名词短语常用在以下结构中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth, have trouble (in) + doing sth ,have fun (in) + doing sth have a good time (in) + doing sth,have a hard time (in) + doing sth
例如：_________________________________________________.我们解决这个问题有困难。
(9)feel like+名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词
例如：__________________________________你想看电影吗?
__________________________________今晚我不想读书。
(三) 分词在句中充当的成分
(1)作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
例如：The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= _______________________________)
China is ______________________________发展中的社会主义国家
The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend.(= _____________________________)
The ______ glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
(2)作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
例如：The story is boring.
I found him _______________. 在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)
I found him __________________________.被一群孩子包围着 (过去分词作宾语补足语)
(3)作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间, 原因, 条件, 结果, 伴随情况。
例如：_____________(read)all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently. ---时间
_________(be) short of money, I decided to apply for the work. ---原因
Seriously _______(injure)Allen was rushed to the hospital.  ----原因
If ________(go)there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.—条件
Unless ____(ask)to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs.Smith’s class.条件
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus _______(raise)the average yield by 15%. –结果
He sat in a rocking chair, ________(watch)TV. ---伴随
▲分词的特殊结构
独立主格
有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
例如：That______(be) the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather __________(permit),we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher _______________(finish) the lesson, the students left the classroom.
“with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构
常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
某些固定结构
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。
例如：Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.从他的衣着判断
_____________,I don't like him at all.坦率地说
catch+宾语+doing
例如： _____________________我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
_____________________，she'll be furious.
如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的
注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
例如： _____________________, he is tall.考虑了他的年龄
I have nothing to say _____________________.关于他的演讲
三、非谓语动词比较
1．做主语宾语：-般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。
______________________ is her job.照看小孩
______________________ is his job today.打扫教室
I like ________, but I don't like _______ today because I don't feel well.游泳
注意
（1）.begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。
When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
(2).有些词后面既可以接不定式．亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：
A．remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：
Please remember ________(bring)me the book I want next time.
I remember ______(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
Don't forget ________(write)to me soon.
I never forget ________(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time.
I regret _______(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干……事)
I regret not ______(take) (not having taken) your advice.
I regret ______(say) I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)
B．mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……；mean doing：意味着，就是
I am sorry, I didn't mean _______(hurt)your feelings，
I meant _______(call) on you, but I was so busy.
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just _______(work) in class.
C．stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干……，动
名词作宾语。
After some time, they stopped _______(work)and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped ________(have)a rest.
D．try：try to do，努力，试图干……事；try doing：试着干……事
He searched everywhere and tried _______(find) his key.
He came to the city from the countryside and tried________(find) a job.
The mother is out and the boy had to try _______(cook) for himself.
They tried to succeed and tried ______(do) their experiments again and again.
E．want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。
The bike requires _________(repair).
These young trees require _____________(look after).
The matter needs ________(think)over.(=to be thought over)
A Mr. Wang wants _______(see) you.
You don't need ________(leave)so early.
F．go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。
go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。
After a smoke，he went on _______(tell)us that interesting story.
After writing the composition he went on _______(work)out his maths problems.
G．动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
Doctors advise _________ smoking to benefit one's health. 放弃
The doctor advised him _________ smoking so as to improve his health. 放弃
She doesn't allow (permit) _______ in her room.抽烟
H. consider to have done/consider doing(consider…to be)
I. be used to doing/be used to do
J.can’t help doing/to do
2.做宾补：
不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
When I came in, I saw her _______(dance)happily.
I often hear her _____(sing) songs in English in her room.
They had the lights _______(burn) all night long.
I saw Li Ping ____(pass) by and enter the next room just now.
The mother will have the doctor _______(examine)her son again.
Tomorrow I'll have my hair ____(cut)
When I got home I found the window ______(break)and the thief ____(go) away already.
When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything
________(change)
3.做表语：
不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。
Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=___________________________)
Our job today is to clean the office.(=____________________________________)
The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)
They are very tired after a long walk.
The door is locked now.
The children are well dressed these days.
4.做定语：
不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分
词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后
置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重
读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
a swimming boy=_____________________ 　　a swimming pool=_____________________
the boiling water=the water that is boiling 　　drinking water=water for drinking
Today I have a letter to write.
Please find a man to help us.
It is a good chance _______________________________.练习你的口语
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
The woman ___________________ is our English teacher.站在那边的
The house to be built (=_______________________________) next year will be our new library.
The house being built (=____________________) now will be our new library.
The house built (=_______________) last year is our new library now.
5.做状语：
不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词
可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于go doing
结构中作目的状语。
(1).目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。
The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.
I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.
(2)．时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在