高中英语各种文体的阅读方法（教师版）.doc

阅读理解应试点睛高中英语不同文体的阅读方法做阅读理解题时，方法很重要。针对不同的题型和不同的题材和体裁应采取不同的方法，这样才会收到事半功倍的效果。1快速略读定主题： 略读法是快速阅读中的一种方法。略读的关键是在能抓住文章要点的前提下以个人最快的速度阅读，主要目的是捕捉大致的信息以便了解文章主旨和大意。利用略读阅读时，要特别注意文章首尾两段，因为文章的第一段往往点明文章的中心思想，而文章的最后一段则常常总结归纳或重述文章首段的主题句，这是阅读高效省时的一条捷径，通常把每段主题句的意思综合起来就是全文的中心思想。另外，文章的主题句有时可能会出现在段落中间或结尾，考生必须运用略读法快速准确地将其找出。2抓准线索理结构：理清文章的结构，这是理解的基础。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。通常有一根主线贯穿其中。如叙述文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、论证三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，以时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，理清文章的思路结构。掌握文章的结构，能帮助考生在阅读和回答问题时做到高效省时。3“断章取义”寻细节：考生要从文段中获得所需的具体信息，可不必阅读整篇文章，而只需找出可能包含所需信息的段落，迅速划定关键词语，然后加以重点阅读即可。此法主要是针对获得具体信息，回答具体的问题，即试题中的细节问题。它常常与Who, What, When, Where, Why和How有关，有时跟具体的数字，如长度、速度、距离、大小、尺寸等有联系。考生在运用此法时，应该注意文章的结构和顺序排列。有的是按空间顺序排列，有的是按时间顺序排列。考生应根据短文的结构，有针对性地扫读，迅速锁定相关内容。4同义互释解难题： 所谓同义互释，就是在阅读的时候从备选项中找出与原文意思相同或相近的词或短语，它们在意思上相同或相近，可以互相解释、互相替换，这种方法叫同义互释法。它是英语阅读理解题常见方法之一。阅读理解中的难题如深层理解题或判断推理题可重点采用同义互释法。5“本末倒置”读广告：广告，字典，公告，演出信息，航班时间表，借书卡片等一般为功能阅读，需快速寻找信息。做这类题时没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“倒序法”来处理。即先看问题，后看文章内容。这样在阅读中可以有重点地、有针对性地去读，冗余无效信息可以略读甚至不读。 6首尾定位排顺序：有时题目要求对事件发生的先后顺序进行排序。可用首尾定位法，即找到第一个发生的事件，再找到最后一个发生的事件，可大大缩小选择范围，快速有效地确定答案。7“去伪存真”选最佳：在答题的时候，考生有时会发现所给的四个选项中，有不止一个选项可以作为答案。这时就应该意识到该题可能是一个判断最佳选择的题目。所以，在答题时，一旦发现有一个看似正确的选项，就立即把它作为正确答案，这是不明智的。正确的方法是再看一看其他选项中还有没有符合文意的，如果有的话，就要根据文章的主旨和作者的意图，通过选择比较，去伪存真，做出深层理解和全面分析，进行合理的推理和判断，选出切合文章主旨和作者意图的最佳答案。8立足已知断未知：新大纲对阅读要求的二级目标是：“能根据上下文理解作者的态度和观点；能根据已知的事实推断语篇未直接写出的意思。” 对考生推理能力的考查，是对阅读理解的较高层次的要求。考生一定要从文章的已知信息事实入手，充分利用文中提供的信息，按照正常的逻辑进行推理，从而推知语篇中未直接写出，但却合乎逻辑的结果；或者根据文章的字面意思，文章结构和句、段之间的过渡关系，分析其内涵，进而推断出作者的态度、意图。这类问题考生一定要以阅读材料提供的事实、逻辑关系为思维的立足点、出发点，顺应作者的思维模式，领会作者的言外之意。千万不能将自己的观点强加给阅读材料。总之，推理判断题的技巧要领为：陈述或事实不是推理，推论要有事实依据。9细微之处辨“正误” 其中学生最容易出错的是部分细节有错误的选项。考生一定要静下心来，耐心细致地对每个选项逐个分析排除，细心斟酌，最后找出正确选项。常用的方法是找出每个选项的“支撑句”来帮助分析，切忌凭感觉答题。 10化繁为简析长句：阅读中，遇到较长的、结构复杂的句子时，可以考虑将其简化，以便更好地理解句意。最常用的方法是“主干成分分析法”。即理清主句的基本结构(主谓宾成分)，理解就不会偏离正确的轨道，就能快速掌握句子大意。11题材不同方法异：说明文、科普文和小品文等首句通常为主题句，其余的句子都是围绕主题句进行说明或阐述；新闻报道的首句为导语，通常概括整个事件，这常常是做主旨大意题的解题依据；幽默小品和故事的末句往往含蓄，一语双关，耐人寻味。推断题常常发源于此。 专题一人物传记型阅读理解这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。因此，阅读这类文章应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人公在某个时间做过什么，然后通过分析推理、综合归纳的方法进行解题。 短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因和后果的推测等方面着手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读这类材料时，同学们一定要根据主要情节掌握文章主旨大意，同时抓住每一个细节，设身处地根据文章内容揣摩作者的态度和意图，根据情节展开想象，即使是碰到深层理解题也可迎刃而解。这两类阅读材料一般较长，即词数多，而且命题也较多，特别是推理判断题和事实理解题多。同学们在做此类阅读理解题时往往是材料看得懂，题目不好做的感觉。因此，同学们在阅读材料时要重点放在事情发展的过程和结果上，注意把握事件的发展进程及人物之间的关系，细节与主题的关系，用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，同学们在做推理判断题时就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于事实细节题的解答，同学们切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。2011山东卷 Arthur Miller (19152005) is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Millers father had moved to the USA from Austria Hungary，drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream”However, he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early l930s. Millers most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is a powerful attack on the American system, with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth. In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got into trouble with this system. Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment: if he cant do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go. Willy is painfully aware of this, and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end. When it was first staged in 1949, the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and it won the Tony Award for Best Play, the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on the evening of February 10,2005, the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway. ()1.Why did Arthur Miller s father move to the USA? AHe suffered from severe hunger in his home country. BHe was attracted by the “Great American Dream” CHe hoped to make his son a dramatist. DHis family business failed.()2.The play Death of a Salesman _. Aexposes the cruelty of the American business world Bdiscusses the ways to get promoted in a company Ctalks about the business career of Arthur Miller Dfocuses on the skills in doing business()3.What can we learn about Willy Loman? AHe treats his employer badly. BHe runs the Wagner Company. CHe is a victim of the American system. DHe is regarded as a hero by his colleagues.()4.After it was first staged, Death of a Salesman _. Aachieved huge success Bwon the first Tony Award Cwas warmly welcomed by salesmen Dwas severely attacked by dramatists()5.What is the text mainly about? AArthur Miller and his family. BThe awards Arthur Miller won. CThe hardship Arthur Miller experienced. DArthur Miller and his best known play.答案：BACAD(一)Benjamin Banneker was born a few months before another great AmericanGeorge Washington. Benjamin was black, but he was not a slave. He and his mother and his grandmother were free.Benjamins grandmother came from England. In America she got a job and worked for many years to pay for her boat trip across the ocean. After working many more years, she saved enough money to buy a farm. Benjamin lived with her for a while. She taught him to read and write and do arithmetic. Benjamins neighbors knew that he was clever. They were not surprised when he built a large wooden clock. He made each piece after studying a small pocket watch. The clock made him famous, for it was one of the first clocks built in America. People from other places began to send hard problems of all kinds for Benjamin to settle.Thomas Jefferson learned of Benjamin Bannekers ability to settle hard problems. He asked Banneker to help build the city that was to be the capital of the United StatesWashington, DC. Banneker worked hard on the plans for the city. He marked where the streets and buildingsthe Capital (国会大厦), the White House, and many others should be built. Later, LEnfant, the Frenchman who had designed the new city, had a quarrel, and went back to France in anger. He took all of the plans with him. The workmen couldnt build without any plans to follow. For a while it seemed that the plans for the capital might have to be changed. But Benjamin Banneker remembered the plans he had helped draw. He drew each again just as he once had built each piece of his clock.If it werent for Benjamin Banneker, Washington, DC. might look very different from the way it does today.()1.Benjamin Banneker is remembered to this day mainly because_.Ahe made one of the first clocks in AmericaBhe used to be an assistant to LEnfant, who had designed the city WashingtonChe designed the city Washington when LEnfant leftDhe was able to build the city Washington as LEnfant left with his plans()2.When Banneker built a large wooden clock，_.Apeople in America showed no surprise Bhis name spread all over AmericaChe became the first man in America to build a clockDpeople came from other places to congratulate him()3.Thomas Jefferson asked Banneker to help build the city Washington because he was told that Banneker was_.Afamous Bclever Chardworking DSerious()4.In building the city Washington, Banneker showed_.Ahe had a good memory Bhe was never tired of workingChe feared no difficulties Dhe was good at drawing答案：DBBA (二)Think of some of your favorite singers. When you listen, they can make you happy or sad, peaceful or angry. They can make you relax or want to get up and dance. Gifted singers have the power to affect us in many waysemotionally, physically and mentally.But becoming a great singer isnt as easy as listening to one. It takes practice, devotion and strong lungs! Just ask the well known American opera(歌剧)star Carol Vaness.At the Metropolitan Opera in New York City where she often sings, Carols voice must be loud enough to be heard by four thousand people. It must reach every person in the theater, without a microphone, even when shes singing softly. The reason Carol can project her voice that far is the way she breathes.“When you breathe, its like a swimmer taking a deep breath before going underwater，” Carol explains. “You have to take a lot of air into your lungs.”According to Carol, the main difference between pop singing and opera is “how you breathe, how much air you take in, and how you control it coming out. Regular singing is more like speaking, and its a lot softer. When I sing for children, theyre often surprised by how the vibrations strike their earslike waves on a beach, ” Carol says. “In opera, the air doesnt just go out of your mouthit vibrates in your chest, the way a guitar vibrates when its played.”Ever since she started piano lessons at the age of ten, Carol has loved music. As she got older, she decided to become a music teacher. When she went to college, she took singing lessons as part of her studies. Her voice teacher discovered that nineteen year old Carol had an exceptionally beautiful soprano voicethe highest singing voice for women.Carol decided to make opera her goal, not only because she loved to sing but also because she loved the drama. Opera isa play in which the characters sing the words instead of speaking them. The stories of opera can be tragic or comical. They can be personal stories about two people falling in love or grand stories about kings and queens who lived long ago. As the characters in an opera sing, the emotions(情感)expressed by words and music come to life.Today, Carol performs throughout the United States and Europe and she has sung for almost twenty years. But she has never forgotten where she started singing in the first palace. “Put_ your_ heart_ into_ your_ singing and enjoy it，” says Carol, “because singing is a great joy. Thats why I sing. In fact, thats why everybody sings.”()1.According to the passage, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City _.Ais a five story building Bcan seat 4,000 peopleChas no microphone in it Dcan project the singers voice()2.What is the best title for this passage?AOpera Singing and Pop Singing BThe Way an Opera Star SingsCAn Opera Star DSinging without a Microphone()3.Which statement is TRUE?AA pop singers lungs are usually stronger than those of an opera singers.BThe author has the idea that opera singing is more like speaking.CA pop singer takes in much more air than an opera singer when singing.DAn opera singer breathes differently from a pop singer when singing.()4.From the passage you can conclude all the following EXCEPT that_.ACarol once learned to play the piano BCarol worked as a music teacherCCarol has been singing opera for 20 years or so DCarol is popular with Americans and Europeans答案:BCDB 专题二故事记叙型阅读理解阅读理解在英语试卷中的地位毋庸置疑，纵观历年来的高考试题，出题人在试题设计方面力求题材广泛，体裁多样，四大文体(议论文、记叙文、说明文、应用文)兼顾。而记叙文中主要以叙事为主，如情感故事、逸闻趣事等。各种体裁文章的设题和作答都有各自的特点，在这里我们一起探讨故事类文章的阅读技巧。1抓住文章的六大要素阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后顺序。因此，无论是顺叙还是倒叙，阅读此类文章时，必须要找到它结构中的5个W (when , where, who, why, what) 和1个H (how)，不过不是每篇都会完整地交待六大要素。毫无疑问，寻出这些元素是能够正确快速解题的一个先决条件。2注意作者的议论和抒情高考英语阅读理解故事类文章常伴随着作者思想情感的流露和表达，因此议论和抒情往往夹杂其中。行文时或按事情发生发展的先后时间进行或按事情发生发展的地点来转换，也可能按事情发展的阶段来布局。在引出话题，讲完一件事情后，作者往往会表达个人感悟或提出建议等。这些体现作者观点或思想的语句在阅读时可以画线，它们往往体现文章中心或者写作意图，属于必考点，所以要仔细体会3结合前两点归纳文章中心，把握作者态度故事类文章是通过记叙一件事来表达中心思想的，它是文章的灵魂。归纳文章中心思想时，尤其要分析文章的结尾，因为很多文章卒章显志，用简短的议论、抒情揭示文章中心；文章中议论抒情的句子往往与中心密切相关；也有的文章需要在结合概括各段大意的基础上归纳中心。另外，叙述一件事必有其目的，或阐明某一观点，或赞美某种品德，或抨击某种陋习，这就要求我们在阅读时，通过对细节(第1点中的六要素)的理解，把握作者的态度。4有章有据进行解题判断 分析文章、归纳主题属于对分析、概括、综合的表述能力的考查。切忌脱离文章，架空分析，一定让分析在文章中有依据。 AWhen I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it were your last, someday youll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself, “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?”Remembering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choice in life.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that was incurable, and that I would live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is my doctors code for preparing yourself to die.I lived with that diagnosis all day. I was completely in despair. Later that evening, I had another examination and my wife told me that tumor turned to be curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I m fine now.This was the closest Ive been to facing death. To tell the truth, no one wants to die. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. It clears out the old to make room for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Your time is so limited that you shouldnt waste it repeating someone elses life. Don t be trapped by dogma（教条） which is living with the results of other people s thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart. It somehow already knows what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.41. The doctor advised the author to go home and get his affairs in order because _.A. he had to rest at home B. his disease couldnt be cured C. his disease was not serious at all D. he had to wait for the result of the test42. What does the author think of death?A. He thinks it is impossible to avoid. B. He thinks it is not the end of life.C. He thinks it is nothing to be scared of. D. He thinks it is the beginning of a new life.43. In the authors opinion, we should _.A. follow others adviceB. take no notice of diseases C. take exercise and keep healthyD. have the courage to follow our heart44. What does the underlined word in Para.3 mean?A. came a