中考英语复习阅读理解五大题型解题方法：阅读理解主旨大意.docx

中考英语复习阅读理解五大题型解题方法：阅读理解主旨大意
一、 考点热点回顾
主要特点：文体多样，题材各异，生活化，知识化。
近年来，阅读篇目题材形式有如下特征：
1. 科普知识：介绍科普知识、科研动态以及科技成果的开发、特点、用途等等。
2. 哲理短文：有理论、有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。
3. 新闻报道：主题突出；要点明显（五个“W”：when，where，who，what，which）
4. 人物传记：以记叙某个人物的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、成长或奋斗历程为主。
5. 短篇故事：与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是一件具体的事情的起因、经过、结果等。
6. 史地文化：设计某个或几个国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或选择。
7. 幽默小品：这类文章是对社会生活、人的性格特点、行为举止的某些可笑的特征进行戏剧性描绘的特殊文体。特别要把握文章的最后几句，分析它们与上文的对应关系，找出文章的“幽默点”。
8. 图形表格：无文字表述，或只有少量的文字表述。
题型特点
1. 阅读理解对考生的要求：
《新课标》规定：英语学习的目的是通过听、说、读、写的训练，使学生获得英语基础知识和为交际运用英语的能力，以及发展学生的思维能力和自学能力。
阅读理解要求能独立阅读所学的语言材料范围内生词率不超过2%的材料。
阅读能力是一项重要的语言技能，阅读理解要求我们既要具备一定的词汇量和语法知识，较多的语言经验的积累和良好的语言感觉，又要具备一定的文化背景知识和相关的阅读技能。

（1. 记叙类：
考点：写人与说事方面的材料阅读理解
难点：说事方面的材料阅读理解
热点：新闻焦点人物或最新发生的事情
（2. 说明类：
考点：说明类材料的阅读理解
难点：涉及地理知识的阅读理解
热点：介绍最近的一些高科技产品发明以及介绍一些动物知识
（3. 议论类：
考点：议社交文化礼仪、环保方面、谈家庭、学校、国家文化教育理念、太空探索方面的阅读理解
难点：太空探索方面的阅读理解
热点：社交文化礼仪、环境保护、文化教育理念、太空探索
（4. 应用文：
考点：广告类、书信、电子邮件、便条、图表等其他类型的应用文阅读理解
难点：广告类的应用文
热点：广告类的应用文
2. 阅读题的题型特点：
在中考试题中，阅读理解举足轻重，占卷面总分的35%，近几年中考试题中，阅读理解题设计的大多题型为单项选择，判断正误，根据短文内容补全信息或根据短文内容简略回答问题。
该试题类型所提供的阅读材料一般浅于所学的课文，它要求考生通读全文后能够理解其内容，然后做文章后面的题目，即从四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或判断所给句子与原文内容是否相符等题目。
这一题型着重测试学生理解性阅读的能力，通常有以下几种类型：
①主题思想型。
②细节辨认型。
③推理判断型
④猜测词义型。
⑤判断正误型。
3. 解题思路与技巧
①同学拿到文章后，先将其通读1~2遍，注意文章开头的句子和每段的首句，它们往往是对段落或全文意思起概括或引导性的句子，无论是科普性质的说明文还是故事性的记叙文，在阅读时，都应积极地开动脑筋，调动大脑中储存的有效知识和想象力，边读边设想，有时会使晦涩难懂的句子变得轻松易懂，根据文章的性质，在阅读时还要有意识地记住关键的内容和词汇，如：人物、事情发生的时间、地点、情节和结局。
②遇到不认识的生词，不要害怕或马上查字典，要继续读下去，根据上下文的意思推测词义。
③当读到文章含义不明的地方，往往是某些词语的理解没有衔接好，所以在阅读时，要注意识别代词，如this，it，one等，根据上下文判断其指代内容，注意识别省略成分，明确省略内容；注意识别表示并列，转折（and，but，so，or，for），因果（because，as，so that）等逻辑关系及相关标志词，如at first，for example，then，at last，in a word等，以达到对文章篇章结构的准确把握和理解。
④应该先做容易的题，难题可放在后面有时间再做。
⑤选项完成之后，应趁热打铁，把文章复读一遍，用全文的主题思想来统率各个题目，并反复审核那些没有把握的题目，争取做到意通理顺，理解无误。
总之，应该学会在阅读中多思索，多分析，既要看到文章的字面意思，也要推断出字里行间的含义，作者的意图，切记做题时要遵循原文，不要凭空想象，夹杂个人思想。
技能训练
1. 主旨大意题：
这类题目主要是考查对作者意图或文章意图的理解，写一篇文章或者陈述一个事实，或者解释一个问题，或者论证一个道理，这种“陈述”“解释”“论证”就是作者的意图，在阅读理解中，作者意图和文章意图是统一的、一致的、不可分割的。
主旨大意题可分成主题型，标题型和目的型，主题型一目了然就是找中心（Main idea）；标题型是为文章材料选择标题（Title）；目的型就是推断作者的写作意图（Purpose），这类题常见的命题方式有：
（1）What is the main idea （subject） of this passage?
（2）The main point of the passage is …
（3）Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
（4）The title the best express the theme of the passage is…
（5）The best title for the passage is…
（6）The purpose of the writer in writing this passage…
（7）This story mainly tell us about…
完成题目的思路和技巧：
首先对文章进行概括，掌握文章的中心思想是英语阅读的关键，所以，应采取快速阅读法浏览全文，理解文章大意，阅读时要注意文章的开头，结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。
遇到主旨大意题，首先要掌握字面信息，其次对全部信息进行加工概括，获取信息内涵，得出合理主题。
二、经典例题
例1. The Manhattan （New York City）telephone book is one of the largest of its kind in the country. About 1500000 copies of this book are printed（印刷）each year. To make the paper of the books, 4,3000 trees are cut down. There are twenty-six columns（栏目）of Smiths and twenty-three of Browns. If all the copies of this book were stacked on top of each other, they would make a pile forty miles high.
The subject of the paragraph is ___________.
A. what the Manhattan phone book is like.
B. where the Manhattan telephone book is printed.
C. how many telephones there are in New York.
D. Smith and Brown are the most popular names in New York.

例2. One morning an old man left his house with six donkeys. After a time, he got tired, so he got on one of the donkeys. He counted the donkeys, and there are only five. So he got off the donkey, and went to look for the sixth, he looked and looked, but he couldn’t find it, so he went back to the donkeys again, and they started. After a few miuntes, he counted the donkeys again, and again there were only five! He couldn’t understand. Just then a friend passed him. The old man said to him, “I left my house with six donkeys. Then I had five, then I had six again, and now I have only five! Look! One, two, three, four, five.”
“But” said his friend, “you are sitting on a donkey, too. This is the sixth. And you are the seventh!”
The main idea of the passage is that ___________.
A. sometimes people make foolish mistakes
B. people are clever than donkeys
C. old people are not clever as young people
D. donkeys are foolish animals.

例3. Small children often laugh at lame or blind person or someone in bad clothes. But as they grow up, they learn not to hurt people’s feelings by laughing at their problems. They learn to laugh at themselves. For example, you make a mistake and lost in a football match. Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? If you can, it’s a good sign you’ve really grow up.
The text is mostly about _____________.
A. why laugh is good for your body
B. what you should laugh at
C. where you may laugh
D. how you can laugh at yourself
三、过手训练
（A）
Many people believe that bats are blind. We often hear the saying “Blind as bats.” But bats can find their way around very well, because they can see with their ears. This is not funny as it seems. Most bats make a high sound. It is so high that we can not hear without ears. They screech when they move around, and the echoes of these cries come back to their ears. In this way they can tell where things are.
Bats go out to eat at night . In the daytime they hang close together in their caves, trees or other dark places. When evening comes, they fly out to look for food. In the morning they come back home to rest until the next evening comes.
Bats are very useful animals. They have insects for food, and they kill a lot of insects every year.
1. The best title of the passage is_____
A. “How People Looks at Bats”
B. “How Bats Look for Food”
C. “How Bats See Things”
D. “Bats”
2. The main idea of the first paragraph is_____________.
A. how people look at bats
B. how bats find things
C. how bats find food
D. how bats eat insect
3. The main idea of second paragraph is______________
A. when bats go to look for food
B. how bats eat for food
C. what bats eat for food
D. why bats go out at night

（B）
A Strange Way of Sending A Message
Some people don’t need a mailbox to send a message. They use a bottle instead. Here are two stories about people who sent a message in a bottle. Both of them are true.
In 1956, a sailor from Sweden was on a ship. He wrote a letter, asking others to write to him. He put the letter in a bottle and threw the bottle into the sea. Two years later, a man found the bottle on a beach in Italy. He read the letter and showed it to his daughter. She was 18. As a joke, she wrote to the sailor. They began to write to each other. In a few months, they were married.
Here is the second story. Back in 1924, a boy from Arkansas wrote his name on the back of his picture. He put the picture in a bottle and threw the bottle into a river.
The bottle was not found for many years. Then one day a man named Bill picked it up on a beach in Florida. He pulled the picture out of the bottle and looked at it. He could hardly believe his eyes. The boy in the picture was his old friend, Tom, from Arkansas, Bill had not seen Tom for 25 years. Somehow the bottle had come to the right place.
8. What is the main idea of the whole story?
A. Sailing on a ship.
B. Sending a message in a bottle.
C. Sending a message to Italy.
D. How to send a message.

（C）
The population of the earth is becoming larger and larger. There are now more than 5000 million people on the earth. By the year 2000, there will be over 1000 million people more. Where will all these millions live? More houses ,blocks of flats and skyscrapers（摩天大楼） will have to be built. Soon no new house will be able to have a garden. Man will have to build houses under the sea. By the twenty-first century many men will probably to live on other planets（行星） if life is found to be possible there. Scientists are already working on this possibility. Then there will be regular flights（定期飞行）in spaceships from the earth to these planets.
9. The best title for the passage is ___________.
A. Housing problem in the Twenty first century
B. The large population on the Earth
C. Spaceships in the Future
D. Houses are Needed
四、课后习题
A
A recent research shows that physical activity (体育活动) may help students do better in their classes. The research comes because educators in some countries are reducing time for activities like P.E. class.
Researchers go over the results of fourteen studies. Twelve were from the United States, one from Canada and one from South Africa. The studies appeared between 2009 and 2013. They included more than 55,000 children, aged six to eighteen.
Thomas Singh, one of the researchers, says the studies showed a relationship between physical activity and scores on subjects such as math, English and reading. Ms. Singh offers some possible explanations (解释):
“There are, first, physiological (生理的) explanations, like more blood flow, and so more oxygen (氧气) to the brain. Being physically active means there are more hormones (荷尔蒙) produced like endorphins (脑内啡). And endorphins make your stress level lower and your mood improved, which means you will perform better in class. Also, students who take part in organized sports learn rules and how to follow them. This could improve their classroom behavior and help them know what they should do.
All in all, the finding tells us that physically active kids are more likely to do better in school. Ms. Singh says schools should consider the finding before they cut physical education programs.
1. What led the researchers to do the studies?
A. Schools’ cutting physical activity. B. Their interest in physical activity.
C. The tests including about 55,000 children. D. Kids’ unsatisfying schooling performance.
2. How many countries took part in the studies?
A. 14. B. 12 C. 2. D. 3.
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of physical activity according to the
passage?
A. Getting more blood flow. B. Better classroom behavior.
C. Feeling relaxed and refreshed. D. Greater ability to organize activities.
【答案】1-3 ADC
B
We always celebrated Dad’s birthday on Thanksgiving Day, even after he entered a nursing home. When we knew it might be his last birthday, the whole family decided to get together for a huge birthday celebration at the nursing home.
Dad was a good storyteller and we were always his listeners. During a quiet moment, I announced it was now Dad’s turn to listen to stories for a change. I wanted everyone to tell Dad what we loved about him. The room became quiet. Then one after another, people told stories from their hearts, while Dad listened with tears in eyes.
Everyone seemed to have more than one story. Even the little grandchildren couldn’t wait to tell Dad why they loved him. For a man who had been kind to so many hundreds of people in his life, here was our chance to tell him how much we love him. A few months later, at Dad’s memorial service, we more fully realized what we had given to Dad that night. Those are the stories people normally tell at a funeral (葬礼) after a loved one is no longer alive to hear the words. They tell stories, full of tears. But we had given those memories to Dad in his life, and we had told them through laughter, together with hugs and joy. He had them to hold and enjoyed them from time to time in his mind during his last days and months.
Words do matter, and they are enough. We just need to say them or to speak them publicly the ones we love. That’s the ways to give back love and that’s our chance to celebrate a person in his or her life.
1. The writer’s family decided to have a huge birthday celebration because ______.
A. Dad was to leave the hospital B. it might be Dad’s last birthday
C. they would celebrate Thanksgiving Day D. Dad was at the nursing home
2. According to the passage, we know ______.
A. all the family loved the father, including the little grandchildren
B. the writer’s father was still enjoying good health
C. the party was held at the writer’s home
D. the doctor told the writer his father was going to die at once
3. From the passage, we know the writer’s father was ______ to hear the stories.
A. surprised B. moved C. sad D. frustrated
4. The best title of the passage can be ______.
A. An Amazing Story B. A Kind Father C. Say Our Love Publicly D. A Big Party
【答案】1-4 BABC
C
Katherine Com male is an 11-year-old girl from Pennsylvania. At the age of five she began raising money to buy nets for children in Africa to help stop the spread of malaria (疟疾).
When she was five, Katherine learnt about malaria in Africa. She learnt that every 30 seconds a child died from this disease. She also learnt that people wouldn’t get that disease if they had enough bed nets. “I was really sad to learn that a child died every half a minute because of malaria.” Says Katherine, “I wanted to send nets right away, so that’s what I did.”
Five-year-old Katherine made presentations at churches and schools. She told students and others how important bed nets were for Africans. After people heard the presentations, many of them donated money. Katherine sent the money to NBN. NBN is an organization that sends bed nets to Africa.
Besides, every holiday Katherine makes something called “net gift certificate” with the help of her friends and brothers. On each l0-dollar certificate there is a message. It explains that a bed net would be sent to Africa. When more certificate orders come, Katherine gets help from students in her school.
Katherine has helped to raise $200,000 for NBN. “It makes me proud to help African children. I won’t stop working until everyone in Africa has a bed net.” says Katherine.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. When Katherine was six, she began helping children in Africa.
B. Katherine learnt that two children died from malaria one minute.
C. Katherine did a lot and helped to raise $ 20,000 for NBN.
D. Katherine’s parents helped her make “bed net gift certificate”.
2. In Paragraph 4, “It” refers to “_______”.
A. a 10-dollar note B. a gift certificate C. an organization D. a message
3. From the passage we know Katherine did the following EXCEPT _______.
A. raising a great deal of money for NBN
B. giving presentations at churches and schools
C. explaining the importance of nets for Africans
D. ordering people to learn to use the nets well
4. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. Katherine’s work is very helpful and meaningful
B. the spread of malaria in Africa will be more serious
C. every child in Africa gets a net with Katherine’s help
D. Katherine has received much money from NBN
【答案】1-4 BDDA

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。
2018年网络流行语盘点成为热点，“一首凉凉送给某某”“掌声送给社会人”“今晚吃鸡”“游泳健身了解一下”“皮一下，很开心”“菊外人，陶渊明”“隐形贫困人口”“确认过眼神