that与which的用法区别.doc

that与which的用法区别
两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：
The cup,which he used when he was in the army ,was stolen.
2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her.
她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。
The documents（文件） for which they were searching（寻找） have been found.
他们找寻的文件已找到了。
This morning some water came, for which I have to thank you.
今天早上送来一些水，为此我得向你道谢。
注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：
He had only the long nights in which he could study.
=He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。
He had a gun（枪） with which he could defend（保卫） himself.
= He had a gun with which to defend himself. 他只有一把枪用来自卫。
3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：
All that she lacked（缺乏） was training. 她缺的只是训练。
Have you everything that you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗?
She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents.
她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。
4. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.
你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：
China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.
他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
8. 当要避免重复时：
Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？