透析中考英语语法主谓一致考点.doc

透析中考英语语法主谓一致考点【语法概说】【主谓一致命题趋势与预测】根据对主谓一致部分全国各地试题的分析可知，今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为：1、 主谓一致的语法一致原则2、 主谓一致的整体一致原则3、 主谓一致的就近一致原则4、 主谓一致的意义一致原则5、 主谓一致的附加原则【考点诠释】 一、由or, either. or. , neither. nor. , not only.but also. , whether.or.等连接并列主语时,常采用就近原则,动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。 【考例】Not only Jim but also his sister _a few cities in the south since they came to China临沂市Awill visit B. has visited Chave visited D visited答案B 解析本题既考查时态，又考查并列连词not onlybut also的用法。由时间状语since they came to China，可判断用现在完成时，排除A、D两项；not onlybut also连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要用“就近原则。Neither Jim nor his cousins _to America, but _of them know the country very well. 07年潍坊市Ahave been；a11 B. have been; both C has been; all Dhas been; both答案B解析考查neithernor的用法，以及both与all的区别。neithernor连接两个主语时，谓语用“就近原则”，cousins是复数，谓语用have been，排除C和D项；指两者用both。二、 the number of + 复数名词,主语是the number(数量),谓语动词用单数;a number of +复数名词,主语是复数名词,a number of作定语, 相当于many,谓语动词用复数。【考例】Look! There _ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square. (2004包头) A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers 答案：A。该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是a number of deer, 是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式。（deer单复数相同）The number of _ in our class _ fifty. (2004山东烟台) A. student, isB. the students, areC. the students, isD. students, are答案: C命题立意：本题考查主谓一致的用法。试题解析：the number of 后接复数名词，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。故应选C。三、动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。【考例】As the saying _,Where there is a will; there is a way. 昆明市A. go B. goes C. going D. went答案B解析 the saying为第三人称单数形式，所以谓语动词用goes。但what从句作主语而表语是复数时,谓语动词常用复数。 What we badly need here are experienced teachers. 我们这里急需的是有经验的教师。 四、and连接的两个单数名词作主语。【考例】 Trees and flowers _every year to make our country more beautiful. 陕西省A. is planted B. was planted C. are planted D. were planted答案C解析 every year说明本句表示的是一般现在时的概念，去掉B、D项；trees and flowers表达复数意义，所以选C项。五、表示时间、距离、金钱、体积或数字等的词语作主语且表示总量时，谓语动词用单数。 【考例】 -How much _the shoes?-Five dollars_ enough 年青岛市Ais；is B are；is Care；are Dis；are答案B 解析 答案为B。shoes作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式；five dollars是一个整体，应按单数对待。 How time flies! Ten years _ passed. (2004天津) A. have B. has C. is D. are 答案：B。该题考查的是主谓一致。Ten years通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式。六、就近原则 -There_ no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick? -All right, Mum. 福州市A. is B. are C. was D. were答案A解析本题考查there be”句型中be的数及时态，be在数上要与最近的主语保持一致.句子的主语是不可数名词，所以be应使用单数形式，B、D两项可以排除。 Not only Jim but also his sister _a few cities in the south since they came to China07临沂市Awill visit B. has visited Chave visited D visited答案B 解析本题既考查时态，又考查并列连词not onlybut also的用法。由时间状语since they came to China，可判断用现在完成时，排除A、D两项；not onlybut also连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要用“就近原则。Neither Jim nor his cousins _to America, but _of them know the country very well. 07年潍坊市Ahave been；a11 B. have been; both C has been; all Dhas been; both答案B解析考查neithernor的用法，以及both与all的区别。neithernor连接两个主语时，谓语用“就近原则”，cousins是复数，谓语用have been，排除C和D项；指两者用both。【语法回顾】主谓一致1. 语法一致的原则2. 意义一致的原则3. 邻近一致的原则谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。在英语中，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上同主语保持一致，叫做主谓一致。通常采用下列三个原则来处理，即：语法形式一致的原则、逻辑意义一致的原则、就近（或毗邻）一致的原则。一、语法形式一致的原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。如：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。但须注意下列几种情况：1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 例如： Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.在过去的几年中，这个地区的许多土地已经沙化。To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage.开始吸烟很容易，但是要戒烟却需要勇气。Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English. 阅读英文报纸是提高你英语水平的好方法。What you need most is to have a good sleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一觉。How you can get there is a problem. 你怎么到那儿去还是个问题。注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若表语是“复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构”时，主句的谓语动词用复数 。例如：What I bought were three English books.我买的是三本英语书。What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.我所说的和做的对你是有帮助的。2、由and 或both.and来连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。例如：Swimming and walking are good exercises.游泳和散步都是好运动。He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我在上大学时是同学。Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.约翰和安都有笔友。Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports.周兰和杨蓓都爱好体育。注意1）但是，并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式（这时and后的名词前没有冠词）。例如：The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.经理兼书记没有出席会议。The manager and the secretary are busy now.经理和书记现在都很忙。Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li.他们的老师和朋友是李先生。2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no, each, every或many a ，more than one修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家里，每个男孩和女孩都有权利受教育。Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。Many a student is having practice in that factory. 许多学生正在那家工厂实习。More than one student is interested in the book.不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣。注意 在“more than one单数名词”作主语时，若在There be句型中，亦可用复数。 如：There is/are more than one man here. 这儿不止一个人。3、如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有(together) with, as well as, like, but, except, besides，including, no less than, rather than ,as much as，more than，along with in addition to等介词短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数。例如：An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。 She, like you and Tom, is very tall.像你和汤姆那样她很高。4、不定代词each, either, neither 和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 例如：Each (of us) takes a cup of coffee.(我们)每人喝一杯咖啡。Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。Nothing is to be done 没有什么要干的事。Everybody obeys the school rules; anybody who breaks the rules is punished.每个人必须遵守学校规则，任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。2）若后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。例如：None of the sugar was left.没有剩下什么糖了。None of us has (have) been to America.我们中没有人去过美国。5.不定代词none 以及由none/either/neitherof复数合词(或代词)构成的短语作主语时，谓语用单复数均可，这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.”或“两个中的任何一个都不.”时，谓语动词用单数；当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.”或“两个中的全部都不.”时，谓语动词用复数。例如： None know when that was. (强调所有的人) 没人知道这是什么时候的事。None is so good as he.(强调每一个人) 没有人像他那么好。None of them have / has a car.他们都没有小汽车。（他们没有一个人有小汽车。）Neither of them know / knows the answer.他们两个全都不知道答案。（他们两个人谁也不知道答案。）Neither of the article is (are ) interesting.其中没有哪篇文章有趣。Neither of them have replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。Neither of them has replied. 他们两个谁也没有答复。5、在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数，应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那声音听起来就像有一列火车从我的房子底下开过似的。People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人认为不久将还有一次大的地震。The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.拴在树上的那匹马是约翰的。Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.要去旅游的请把名字签在这儿。Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.被人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。注意在以“one of the复数名词”为先行词的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但如果“one of the复数名词”这个结构前有the only之类的修饰语时，其从句的谓语动词用单数。 例如：This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.这是学生提出的许多问题的一个。Bob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.鲍勃是帮助我英语的朋友之一。He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here. 他是办公室唯一收到邀请参加舞会的人。 The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.校长是老师中唯一懂得世界语的人。6、“a lot of （lots of， plenty of， a head of， heaps of， the rest（majority） of ，some（many，anymore，most， all等）of+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：Some of us do not know much about the theatre.我们中有一些人还不太懂得戏剧。Some (of the sugar) is wet. 有些(糖)是湿的。Most of the students in our class are league. 我们班上大多数学生是团员。Most of the food tastes delicious. 大多数食物味道很好。Half of the work is left unfinished.一半的工作没有完成。Half of the apples are given to the children.一半的苹果送给孩子们。Lots of damage was caused by smoking.许多损害是由吸烟引起的。Plenty of English books are on the shelf.许多英语书在书架上。注意：1）all单独作主语表示“人”时，谓语用复数；表示“整个事件或事情”时，谓语用单数。 如：All are present. 所有的人都出席了。(表人)All is well. 一切都好。 (表示整个事情或情况)2）“a number of+复数名词 ”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“The number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A large number of buildings were burnt down.许多楼房被毁了。A number of students in our class are out by the lake.我们班有些学生到湖边去了。The number of students in our school is 2500.我们学校的学生人数是2500名。The number of books on women published in China is growing.在中国，有关妇女书籍出版数目在增加。The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place.每分钟摆尾的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。7、由“分数或百分数+of +名词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：Two thirds of the country is dry or desert.这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干燥或者是沙漠地区。Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。30 percent of the students in our class are girls.我们班的30%是女生。8、 如果主语是由“a kind of, 或this/that kind of, a series ( a species) of ，a pair of等 + 名词”构成谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：This kind of men is dangerous.这种人是危险的。Is this kind of car made in Shanghai ?这种汽车是上海制造的吗？There is a kind of rose in his garden.他的花园里有玫瑰花。This kind of apple/apples is rather expensive. 这种苹果相当贵。 That kind of snake/snakes is dangerous. 那种蛇很危险。注意但there/those kinds of复数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。 如：There kinds of tests are good . 这种测试很好。Those kinds of apple trees have not yet grown up. 那种苹果树还没有长。如果种类不是一种而是多种，谓语动词应为复数。例如 ：There are many kinds of pears.有很多种梨子。二、逻辑意义一致原则，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的内在涵义。常见的有以下几种情况：1、表示总称意义形单意复的名词，如people, police, cattle 等作主语时，只当作复数看待，谓语在任何情况下都用复数。如：Cattle are one cause of the problem.造成戈壁滩的原因之一是牲畜问题。The police are searching for a murderer in that mountain.警察正在山中搜寻一名杀人犯。2、以集体名词army, class, enemy, family, government, group, team，crew，crowd，public等集体名词作主语时，谓语应视其情况而用不同形式：当作主语被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数，如果被看成是其中的个体成员时，谓语就用复数。如：Our class is better than any other classes at playing basketball in our school. 在打篮球方面，我们班胜过我们学校的任何一个班。Our class are playing a basketball match tomorrow. 我们班同学明天要举行一场篮球赛。Our family is not poor any more. 我们家已经不再贫困了。My family all speak the Intuit language.我一家人都讲因努伊特语。注意population 单独使用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而前面有some, most 或与分数、百分数连用作主语时，则谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Most of the population of the city are workers.这个城市人口的大多数是工人。One third of the population now smoke.三分之一的人口在吸烟。The population in our country is very large, and eighty percent of the population are farmers.我们国家人口众多，而80%的人口是农民。3、当一些有两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如glasses, trousers（裤子）, shoes ，chopsticks（筷子）,goods（货物）,scissors（剪刀）,socks, compasses（圆规） ，但如果这些名词前有a pair of，等量词修饰时，（clothes被修饰a suit of），谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：Your trousers need washing. 你的裤子该洗了。My glasses are new. 我的眼镜是新的。A pair of compass is an instrument for drawing circles.圆规是画圆的工具。A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase.一双新鞋在你的手提箱里。Two pairs of socks are enough for me. 对我来说，两双袜子就足够了。4、由“pair, piece of +名词 / 代词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair, piece等词保持一致与后的代词、名词无关。例如：There is a pair of shoes left.只剩下一双鞋。The pieces of stone were then carried to the new place for the temple.所有的石块被运到新建寺庙的地方。5、当表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值等数词短语作主语，根据意义一致原则，通常被看作一个整体，其谓语用单数。 如：Twenty years is a long time to us. 对于我们来说，20年是一段很长的时间。One thousand pounds is a lot of money. 一千英镑是很大一笔钱。6.某些形复意单的名词(如表示人名、地名、国名及组织、书籍、报刊等名称的专有名词和学科名词等)作主语，谓语用单数。 如：Zhangjiajie is really a good place which is famous for its beautiful mountains.张家界的确是个好地方，它是以美丽的山而闻名的Physics is a difficult subject to learn, I think. 我想，物理是一门难学的目。The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。News is travelling fast nowadays. 如今新闻播得很快。The American film True Lies was directed by a world-famous director.美国影片真实的谎言是由一位世界著名的导演导演的。7、如果主语由“the+形容词（分词）”担任时，往往根据意义一致原则，来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果表示一类人时，谓语动用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念时，则谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The old is taken good care of in our country. 在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。The sick is one of the students in our class. 那位病人是我们班的一个学生。The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。8、名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况，一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：The bakers is on the side of the street.理发馆在街道的另一边。My uncles is not very far from here.我叔叔的家离这儿不太远。9、数词作主语时，谓语用单数，但有四则运算中，谓语单、复数均可。如：Ten is a round number. 十是个整数。Ten times five is / are fifty. 十乘五等于五十。Three hundred and forty plus six hundred and sixty is / are one thousand.340 加660等于1000。10.疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于它产本身的含义。如： Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语?Who have gone there? 谁都已经去那儿了?Which is your room? 哪一间是你的房子?Which are your rooms? 哪几间是你的房子?11、表示数量的短语“one and a half名词复数”及“a单数名词anda half”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：One and a half oranges has been left on the table. 桌子上只剩下一个半桔了。A month and a half has passed. 一个半月时间过去了。12.某些单数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数；反之谓语动词则用复数形式。这类名词有：sheep，deer， fish，means（方法、手段）species （种类） -ance及以-ese/-ss结尾的表示民族的名词等)。例如：One day this white sheep was lost. 有一天，这只白色的绵羊丢了。There are many fish in the Jia Ling River. 嘉陵江时有很多鱼。A Japanese is coming to visit our school tomorrow.明天有个日本人要来参观我们学校。We Chinese are realizing the four modernizations. 我们中国人正在实现四个现代化。三、就近一致原则，即谓语动词的数随最近的主语而定，又称为毗邻一致原则。例如：1、当or，either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also.，not.but.，whether.or.等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近于它的名词或代词。例如：Either you or Lily is to do the cleaning after supper. 不是该你，就是该莉莉在晚饭后打扫卫生。Not only the mother but also the children were there.不但母亲在那里，而且孩子们也在那里。2、在倒装句中如一个句子由there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。例如：Where is your mother and younger sisters? 你的母亲和妹妹们在哪儿？There is a desk a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌，一张桌子和三把椅子.【语法过关】1How time flies! Ten years _ passed. A. have B. has C. is D. are2Not only his parents but also his brother _ to the Summer Palace. They havent been back. A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone3Neither my father _ going to see the patient. A. nor I am B. nor I areC. or me are D. or me is4Look! There _ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square. (2004包头)A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deersC. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers5The number of _ in our class _ fifty. A. student, isB. the students, areC. the students, is D. students, are6The number of the students in our class _ 54. A. is B. are C. has D. have7Not only I but also Jane and Mary_ tired of having one examination after anotherAis Bare Cam Dbe8A library with five thousand books _to the nation as a gift. Ais offered Bhas offered Care offered Dhave offered9When and where to build the new factory _yet A