高三英语知识考前速览.doc

如皋市2015届高三英语二轮复习知识速览
目录
分类
板块
微专题
备注
基础知识
（一）词法
1-名词、冠词、代词

2-形容词、副词；介词和介词短语
3-动词与动词短语
（二）谓语
1-时态和语态
2-非谓语动词
3-情态动词与虚拟语气
（三）句法
1-三大从句
2-特殊句式及其他
3-情景交际
能力提升
完形填空
（一）记叙文
（二）夹叙夹议
（三）议论文
（四）说明文
文体特征、
阅读技巧、
解题注意
阅读理解
（一）时文报道类
（二）社会文化类
（三）人物传记类
（四）生态环保类
（五）应用广告类
（六）科普知识类
（七）逸闻趣事类
（八）史地常识类
文体特征、
阅读技巧、
设题规律、
解题注意
任务型阅读
（一）记叙文
（二）夹叙夹议
（三）议论文
（四）说明文
文体特征、
阅读技巧、
解题注意
写作
（一）提纲类
（二）图画类
（三）读写类
（四）（半）开放类
文体特征、
要点分析、
解题注意

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基础知识
Part 1: 词汇（Vocabulary & Grammar Usage）
第一讲 名词、冠词和代词
■■■名词---突破4大热门考点
①结合语境对名词词义辨析，含同缀、形近、意近和无关联词；
同缀：expectation; reputation; contribution; civilization…
形近：sympathy; symbol; symptom; systematic…
意近：advice; question; offer; idea…
无关联：difference; comparison; connection; barrier…
②名词构成的固定搭配（高频“动词+名词”、“介词+名词”的短语搭配）
keep a balance; out of one’s reach; beyond recognition…
③名词的一词多义与熟词新义
④抽象名词具体化（实际上考查名词，但形式上考查冠词，注意常有具体化意义的名词）
冠词—掌握2大技法
①语境暗示法--一是判断是泛指还是特指；二是判断空格后的名词可数还是不可数；三是判断空格后的名词是抽象还是具体名词。
②固定搭配—是个难点，注重平时的积累，多留意一些短语中冠词的用法。
■■■代词—明确3大考向
①代词的辨析（四组比较）
▲替代词that(those); one(ones)和it的区别；
▲不定代词all; both; either; any; neither; none的区别；
▲不定代词the other; other; another; others的区别；
▲复合不定代词any-/every-/no-/some-的区别。
②it的用法
▲形式主语或形式宾语及替代的内容；
▲一些高频搭配如make it; got it; when it comes to…；
▲表示“喜欢、恨”等的心理方面的动词后接it+从句的用法结构中。
③反身代词、物主代词、疑问代词、人称代词、指示代词的用法
▲反身代词的常见搭配：by oneself; be oneself; enjoy oneself; for oneself; of oneself…
▲this/that的常见用法及特殊用法。
第二讲 形容词、副词和介词（短语）
■■■形容词副词—词义辨析是重点
主要是给出语境，考查考生结合语境选择符合这种语境的形容词或副词。近几年考查过的：
形容词：
▲appropriate; conscious; arbitrary; controversial
▲commercial; generous; comparable; profitable;
▲reasonable; confident; creative; grateful
▲important; spare; public; convenient;
▲dramatic; regional; apparent; subtle(细微的)
▲unchallenged; relevant; controversial; contradictory
▲vital; available; specific; similar
▲available; affordable; acceptable; valuable
副词：
▲hopefully; curiously; occasionally; gradually
▲thus; besides; rather; otherwise
▲competitively; recently; reasonably; affordably
▲besides; however; therefore; instead
▲besides; otherwise; however; altogether
▲especially; equally; naturally; normally
▲nevertheless; besides; otherwise; therefore
▲especially; regularly; particularly; approximately

■■■介词（短语）--辨语境 想搭配
①语境提示—最常用的解题方法，注意介词的一些基本用法，同事注意一词多义现象。常考的一词多义或较难的介词有：
▲against （表示方位）依靠着……；
（表示态度）反对……；
（表示对比）以……为背景
▲off （表示位置）在……的外面；
（表示方向）偏离；从……离开
▲over （表示位置）在……的正上方；
（表示方向）越过……；
（表示数目、等级）高于……，超过；
（表示时间或过程）在……期间
▲beyond （表示位置）在……另一边，在……更远处；
（表示程度）超出，非……所能及
▲with （表示关系）和……在一起；
（表示状态）具有，带有；
（表示方式）用……，凭借……；
（表示对象）关于……；
（表示伴随）随着……；
（表示原因）由于，因为
▲through （表示位置）穿过；
（表示时间）整个……；
（表示手段、媒体）依据，经由
②固定搭配—固定搭配中介词（短语）的考查是重点，主要包括与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。因此多留意一些短语中的介词使用非常重要。近几年考查到的固定搭配有：in/ for/ on/ with/ above/ by/ from/ against/ out of…等构成的搭配短语。

第三讲 动词和动词短语
■■■动词：
①动词词义辨析—高考重点。多数情况下所给的四个选项的含义各不相同，没有关联性，考查的是对题干和语境的理解。偶尔也有近义词辨析。近几年考查到的动词有：
▲sacrifice; substitute; simplify; survive
▲conclude; lead; avoid; hold
▲persuade; promise; invite; support
▲open; narrow; widen; leave
▲make; turn; take; have;
▲differ; shrink; fail; decline
▲sponsor; launch; organize; plan
▲tell; remind; warn; advise
②动词的一词多义和熟词新义—考查的难点，解题的关键在于准确理解语境。
■■■动词短语：
①以动词为主体的短语：break/ bring/ come/ cut/ get/ go/ look/ make/ put/ set/ take/ turn+…
②以介词或副词为主体的短语：动词+out/ up/ off/ in/ on/ with…
③无关联的动词短语：see to/ fight for/ agree with/ do without/ fit in/ live up to/ run away from…

Part 2: 谓语与非谓语（Predicate & Non-predicate）
第一讲 时态和语态
■■■易混易错“8比较”
1、一般现在时与现在进行时的比较
2、一般现在时与现在完成时的比较
3、一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
4、一般过去时与过去完成时的比较
5、一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
6、一般将来时与将来进行时的比较
7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
8、be going to 与will表将来的比较

■■■解题“5方法”
1、“时态定义法”解题
2、“实践标志词”解题
3、“固定结构法”解题
4、“动作先后关系法”解题
5、“语境暗示法”解题

■■■洞悉命题“3陷进”
1、“for+一段时间”不一定要用现在完成时
(2009四川)---You speak very good French!
---Thanks. I ______ French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied
【答案】A。
2、看到“look!”不一定用现在进行时
(2012江西)---Look! Somebody ______ the sofa.
---Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
【答案】C。
3、看到“平行结构”不一定用同样的时态
(2012江苏)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ______.
A. has started B. starts C. started D. will start
【答案】C。

■■■被动结构“3规律”
1、只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才可以有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。
2、被动语态的构成为be +过去分词外，还有get/become + 过去分词的结构，强调动作的结果。
(2012辽宁) Mum，I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday.
A. get paid B. got paid C. have paid D. had been paid
【答案】B。
3、主动形式表示被动的含义：
①系动词常用主动形式表示被动的含义，常见的有：look; sound; smell; taste; feel; remain; seem; prove等等。
②有一类动词既可以及物动词又可作不及物动词，如果表示主语内在的特征、性质或所处的状态而不是强调动作本身，一般用主动形式表示被动的含义。常见能这样用的动词有：read; write; drive; sell; wash; open; lock; shut等。
(2010重庆) The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building ______ now.
A. remains B. is remained C. is remaining D. has been remained
【答案】A。

第二讲 非谓语动词
■■■熟知用法“8原则”
1、作目的状语只能用不定式的一般式，位于句首
（2014湖南35）______ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
【答案】C。
2、作伴随状语一般用v-ing形式的一般式
(2013湖南25) The sun began to rise in the sky，________ the mountain in golden light.
A. bathed B. bathing C. to have bathed D. having bathed
【答案】B。
3、作原因状语一般用现在分词或过去分词（二者的选择取决于其与逻辑主语的关系），而在某些表示情感的形容词后作原因状语常用不定式。
1) (2013四川8) ______ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not
【答案】A。
2) (2012重庆23) ______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
【答案】A。
3) (2011四川) ______ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer
【答案】C。
4、在“be+性质形容词+不定式”的结构中。形容词修饰不定式时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动的意思。
(2012辽宁)This machine is very easy ______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate
【答案】D。
5、一些抽象名词如chance; warning; ability; ambition; offer; decision; anxiety; way;等词后面常用不定式的一般式作定语。
1) (2013北京) Volunteering gives you a chance ______ lives, including your own.
A. change B. changing C. changed D. to change
【答案】D。
2) (2011湖南)The ability______ an idea is as important as the idea itself
A expressing B expressed C to express D to be expressed
【答案】C。
6、作介词的宾语一般用v-ing的一般式，但在介词but; except;后需跟不定式作宾语（是否带to可参照“前do后不to”原则。）
1) (2014北京) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______.
A. recognizing B. being recognized
C. having recognized D. having been recognized
【答案】B
2) (2012陕西) If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet
【答案】D。
7、作主语表示一般行为常用v-ing。表示具体的将要发生的动作一般用不定式作主语。it作形式主语时，真正的主语用不定式。(it’s no use/ no good/useless + doing除外)
1) (2014湖南) ____your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood
C. Being understood D. Having understood
【答案】A。
2) (2013福建) _____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known
【答案】C。
3) (2011上海) It’s no use ______ without taking any action.
A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained
【答案】B。
8、在seem后作表语一般用不定式。remain作“尚待”讲时，后常接to be done。
1) (2013重庆) The engine just won't start. Something seems ______ wrong with it.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
【答案】B。
2) (2010福建) In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained______ abroad due to the
volcanic ash cloud.
A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
【答案】B。
■■■易混“5比较”
1、现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较
（现在分词表示自然而然的结果；而不定式表示意想不到的结果）
【试比较】
1) (2014天津) Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ______ it didn’t fit
A. to find B. found C. finding D. having found
【答案】A。
2) (2013新课标II) I got to the office earlier that day, ______ the 7:30 train from Paddington
A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught
【答案】D。
3) (2013 新课标I) The sunlight is white and blinding, _______ hard-edged shadows on the
ground.
A. throwing B. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown
【答案】A。
2、现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较
现在分词表示的动作与主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系（主动）；过去分词表示的动作与句子的主语间为逻辑上的动宾关系（被动）。
【试比较】
1) (2014江西) _____nearly all our money , we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel .
A. Having spent B. To spent C. Spent D. To have spent
【答案】A。
2) (2014天津) Clearly and thoughtfully_______, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
A. writing B. to write C. written D. being written
【答案】C。
3、非谓语动词作后置定语的比较
表示被动、完成用过去分词；表主动、正在进行用现在分词；表被动、进行用being done； 表被动尚未进行用to be done。【试比较】
1) (2014浙江) Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _______ to guard her.
A. to appoint B. appointing C. appointed D. having appointed
【答案】C。
2) (2014北京) Last night, there were millions of people _______ the opening ceremony live
on TV.
A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching
【答案】D。
3) (2014北京). There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on
the Moon.
A. solving B. solved C. being solved D. to be solved
【答案】D。
4) (2013陕西) The witnesses ______ by the police just now gave very different descriptions
of the fight.
A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned
【答案】A。
4、不定式与v-ing作宾语的比较
请记住只接不定式和只接动名词用法的动词。另外还要记住forget/ remember/ regret/ stop/ mean/try/ can’t help+不定式和动名词的不同含义。【试比较】
1) (2012安徽) I remembered______ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off
the lights.
A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked
【答案】A。
2) (2008湖南)Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried______ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.
A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived
【答案】A。
3) (2006湖南) If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.
A. gets  B. got          C. to get       D. getting
【答案】D。
5、非谓语作补语的比较
▲感官动词后的符合宾语比较
感官动词（短语）see; watch; observe; look at; notice; hear; listen to; feel后的宾语补足语有三种形式：（以see为例）

宾语与补语为主动关系
doing sth. 看见（宾语）正在做……
宾语与补语为被动关系
see +宾语+ do sth 看见（宾语）做了……
done 看见（宾语）被做
【试比较】
1) (2014四川) The manager was satisfied to see many new products _____ after great effort.
A. having developed B. to develop C. developed D. develop
【答案】C。
2) (2013安徽) When we saw the road ______ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at
home.
A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked
【答案】D。
3) (2012四川) I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
【答案】C。
▲使役动词make; have; get; keep; leave; let等+ 宾语 +补语的比较
make + O + do sth. / done
have + O + do sth. / doing sth. / done
get + O + to do sth. / doing sth. / done
keep + O + doing / done
【试比较】
1) (2013上海) The judge gave no hint of what they thought, so I left the room really ______.
A. to be worried B. to worry C. having worried D. worried
【答案】D。
2) (2013陕西) Let those in need ______ that we will go all out to help them.
A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood
【答案】B。
3) (2012四川)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ______.
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash
【答案】A。
4) (2011重庆) Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams.
A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind
【答案】C。
▲with复合结构中补足语的比较
sb. / sth. doing （表示主动且进行）
with sth. done （表示被动且完成）
sth. to do （表示将来）
1) (2012辽宁) The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them.
A. to follow B. following C. follow D. follows
【答案】B。
2) (2010山东) The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked.
A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid
【答案】A。

■■■突破“4难点”
1、非谓语动词的时态

【试比较】
1) (2014福建) ______the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend
【答案】C。
2) (2014湖南) There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _____at the night sky.
A. to stare B. staring C. stared D, having stared
【答案】B。
3) (2014湖南) ______ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
【答案】C。
4) (2014江西)______ nearly all our money , we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
A. Having spent B. To spent C. Spent D. To have spent
【答案】A。
5) (2014四川) — I hope to take the computer course.
— Good idea. ____ more about it, visit this website.
A. To find out B. Finding out C. To be finding out D. Having found out
【答案】A。
6) (2013重庆) The engine just won't start. Something seems ______ wrong with it.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
【答案】B。
7) (2013重庆) When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ______ me stories till I fell asleep.
A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell
【答案】B。
8) (2013浙江) ______ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing
【答案】A。
9) (2013山东卷) _______ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. to eat C. Eat D. Eating
【答案】A。

2、非谓语动词的语态

【试比较】
1) (2014北京) There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A. solving B. solved C. being solved D. to be solved
【答案】D。
2) (2014福建) For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________.
A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected
【答案】A。
3) (2014天津) Clearly and thoughtfully________, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek