湖大附中英语何春祥教学设计.doc

牛津英语模块六Unit 4 Grammar and usage
虚拟语气 教学设计
湖大附中 英语 何春祥
一．定义：虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义。虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。

二．虚拟语气在非真实条件句中
1.概念
真实条件句：表示现实或可能变为现实的条件。
非真实条件句：表示非现实的，或不可能，或不大可能变为现实的条件。
e.g. ①They don’t have a meeting if there is nothing to discuss.
②If I had time,I would study German.

2.形式

虚 拟 条 件 句
主 句
与现在事实相反
动词过去式（be动词用were）
should/would/could/might+do
与过去事实相反
had+done
should/would/could/might+have+done
与将来事实相反
①动词过去式
②should+do
③were to+do
should/would/could/might+do

e.g. ①If you had got up earlier,you could have caught the train.
②If he came tomorrow,we could ask him.
练习：
①If you ＿＿＿＿(take) my advice,you ＿＿＿＿＿＿(not fail) in the exams last term.
②If it ＿＿＿＿(rain) tomorrow,the sports meeting ＿＿＿＿＿＿(put off).
③If everyone ＿＿＿＿(know)first aid,many lives ＿＿＿＿＿＿(save).

3.重点
1）如条件句中有were,had,should,可把if省略掉，把were,had,should提前，变为倒装句式。
e.g. If we had made a great effort,we might have succeeded.→
Had we made a great effort,we might have succeeded.
▲注意：若条件句的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。
e.g. If it weren’t for the expense,I would go abroad now.→
Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad now.

2)有些句子主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致，这类句子称为“错综时间条件句”。
①If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.
②If he hadn’t followed my advice,he wouldn’t do it much better like this.
3）含蓄条件句指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其它手段来暗示存在的虚拟条件，如but for,with,without,otherwise,but等。
①But for your help,we couldn’t have finished the work.=
If it had not been for your help,……
②I might have given your more help,but I was too busy.
③Such a thing wouldn’t have happened elsewhere.
④I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the meeting.

4）省去主句的条件句常用if only引导，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。谓语形式：
谓语用过去式（与现在事实相反）
谓语用had done（与过去事实相反）
谓语用could/would/might+do（与将来事实相反）
e.g. ①If only he were here.
②If only the rain would stop.
三．虚拟语气其它用法
1.用于宾语从句中
1）wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。谓语形式：
过去式（宾语从句动作与wish同时）
had+done(宾语从句动作先于wish)
could/would/might+do（宾语从句动作后于wish）
e.g. ①I wish (that) I were a flying bird.
②I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
③I wish he would try again.

2)用于表示建议、命令等词后的宾语从句中，如demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise等。宾语从句的虚拟语气结构为：(should)+do
e.g. He ordered that the boy (should) go with him.
▲注意：当suggest作“暗示；表明”讲，insist作“坚持说；坚持认为”讲，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
e.g. ①The look on his face suggested that he was angry.
②Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

3)would rather后的宾语从句用过去式表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。
e.g. ①I’d rather you went home now.
②I’d rather you hadn’t made that mistake.

2.用于主语从句中
It is suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/desired+that从句
It is a pity/a shame/no wonder+that从句
主语从句的虚拟语气结构为：（should）+do（表达说话者“惊讶、遗憾、应该”等语气）
e.g. It was a pity that our team should lose the game.
▲注意：以上句式也可用陈述语气。
e.g. It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.

3.用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在名词advice,order,suggestion,request,proposal,plan,idea等后边that引导的同位语从句，或这些名词作主语时后面that引导的表语从句中，虚拟语气结构为：(should)+do
e.g. ①We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) give up the plan.
②My idea is that he (should) accept the job.
4.用于定语从句中
It is (high) time+that从句，从句谓语形式用过去式，或should+do(should不可省略)。
e.g. It is high time we started (should start) out.
5．as if/as though用在虚拟语气中。
as if/as though引导表语从句与方式状语从句皆可，谓语形式：
过去式（从句动作与主句动作同时发生）
had done（从句动作先于主句动作）
could/would/might+do（从句动作后于主句动作）
e.g. ①He looks as if he were a pop star.
②They talked about L.A. as if they had been there.
6.“情态动词+have+done”的用法。
1）must have done:“(过去)一定做了…”(否定式为can’t/couldn’t have done)
e.g. It must have rained last night for the road is quite muddy.
2)can/could have done：“本来能够做…；过去可能会做…”
e.g. Can he have gone to his uncle’s?
3)can’t/couldn’t have done:“过去不可能做…；过去没能够…”
e.g. He can’t have forgotten it.
4)may/might have done：“也许已经做…”（只用于肯定句与否定句中，不用于疑问句；否定句中表示“可能不”，用might表示语气更不肯定）
e.g. He may not have finished the work.
5）should/ought to have done:“本该做…（实际未做）”
e.g. You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
6)shouldn’t/ought not to have done:“本不该做…（实际做了）”
e.g. you shouldn’t have told her the truth.
7)needn’t have done:“本不必做…（实际做了）”
e.g. You needn’t have taken a taxi here,for it was very near to my house.
8)had better have done:“当时最好做了…”（否定式为had better not have done）
e.g. You had better not have beaten her.
9)would rather have done：“宁愿当时做了…”（否定式为would rather not have done,两者都有“后悔”之意）
e.g. I ignored her opinion,but now I would rather not have done that.
10)would like/love to have done sth.“过去愿意做…（实际未做成）”
e.g. I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work.