高中英语知识概要.doc

学点语法
高中英语知识概要
第一讲 英语句子
1）基本结构
A do (B). ( )
I play football.
He can read.
A be B. ( )
He is a student.
归纳：句子的完整性__________________________________________
2）基本成分分析：
The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949。

The weather was quite nice.

I need a quiet room to study in.

Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen.

He said he was good football player when he was school boy.
归纳：句子的核心成分＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
3) 句子类型
简单句
I never saw him again.

并列句
I’d love to come but I can’t.

复合句
I suggest that we should stay here.

As people get older, they lose some hair.

I asked the girl who was not writing to lend me a pen.

并列复合句
John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said she was too tired.

归纳：句子构成的基本原则
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
　　　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

第二讲 定语从句(一)
知识要点：
1. 定语
2. 先行词
3. 连词
知识梳理：
1. 定语
a perfect present
a book store
your hair
one way
the room above
the way to do sth.
a walking stick
a sleeping baby
a lost child
a map of China
The boy you talked to just now is her x-boyfriend.
归纳：定语______________________________________________________________________

2. 先行词 （名词、代词短语，包括修饰词）
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
This is the only one of the best films that I have ever seen.
This is the same watch as I lost yesterday.
归纳：先行词_____________________________________________________________________

3. 连词 （关系代词 关系副词）
1） 关系代词 (主语或宾语)
指人 ： who, whom, that 指物： that，which 指事：which， as
2） 关系副词 （状语）
where = in/ on/at/under… which
why = for which
when= in/ at / during… which
3）*whose = the + n. of which/whom
Blank-filling:
1. Chuck is a businessman ____ is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.
2. There are more than 42 countries _____ the majority of the people speak English.
3. Flora ______ beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet started to crying.
4. Ask question about the place where they grew up, the time when they were young , the reason_______they chose their jobs and about their career.
5. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes ______ people were eaten by the shark.
6. and we should build a website _____ people can look at the pictures and paintings.
用法归纳：关系代词_______________________________________________________________
关系副词_______________________________________________________________
第三讲 定语从句(二)
知识要点：
1. 介词加关系代词
2. 关系副词
3. 非限
4. What 型关系词
知识梳理：
1.介词加关系代词的用法(prep+ which/whom)
Is this the hero of whom we are proud.
This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.
My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
例题：
1) I have many friends , some are businessmen .
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
2）The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained.
A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which
3) He was educated at a local grammar school, _____ he went on to Cambridge.
A．from which B．after that C．after which D．from this
4) Mark was a student at this university from 1999to 2003, he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union .
A．during which time B．for which time C．during whose time D．by that time
5）human facial expressions differ form those of animals in the degree _______ they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
归纳_______________________________________________________________________

2. 关系副词的用法
a.Do you still remember the days _______ we spent in Qinghai?
b.Do you still remember the days _______ we spent the summer holidays in Qinghai?
归纳_______________________________________________________________________
例题
1）—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one you know I used to work for years.
A．that B．which C．where D．what
2） I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.
A．Which B．when C．where D．that
3）If a shop has chairs________ women can park their men , women will spend more time in the shop．
A．that B．which C．When D．where
4） Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.
A．what; when B．that; which C．what; which D．which; that
5）The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
A．which; where B．at which; which C．at which; where D．which; in which
6) those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _____ sight matters more than hearing.
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
3. 非限制性定语从句
a. My brother, who lives in New York, has six children.
b. I met a boatman, who( and he ) then took me across the river.
c. They will fly to Kunming, where (and there) they will stay for two or three days.
d. As is known to all, Bell invented the telephone.
例题：
1. Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be.
A．who B．that C．what D．which
2 Jim passed the driving test, ______ surprised everybody in the office.
A．which B．that C．this D．it
3. ______ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A．When B．After C．As D．Since
4. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
句法功能
定语从句起修饰，限定作用.
同位语从句解释说明被修饰词的内容.
1. Do you have any idea ________ is actually going on in the classroom?
A．that B．what C．as D．which
2 Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ______ a cure for AIDS will be found．
A. which B．that C．What D．whether
3 Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon.
A．who B．that C．as D．which
5.主从句皆缺成分连词的选择
1). 名词性- what, whatever, whoever
(sth.that / sb. who)
2) 副词性- where, when, why
where = (in) the place where
when = (at) the time when
why = (for) the reason why
例题：
1. The way he did it was different we were used to .
A．in which B．in what C．from what D．from which
2. Mary wrote an article on the team had failed to win the game .
A．why B．what C．who D．that
3. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough.
A．where B．how C．what D．which
4. We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.
A. that B. as C. why D. when
5. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _______ it was the best time for it．
A．where B．When C．That D．until

练习题：

1.（2011安徽卷）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A． when B． which C． where D． while
2.（2011四川卷）The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
A． which B． whose C． when D． where
3.（2011浙江卷）A bank is the place ____they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain .
A． when B． that C． where D． there
4.（2011浙江卷）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .
A． which B． what C． them D． those
5.（2011新课标卷）The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.
A．that B．which C．whose D．what
6.（2011天津卷）The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A． when B． that C． where D． which
7.（2011陕西卷）I walked up to the top of the hill with my feiend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake .
A．which B． where C． who D．that
8.（2011山东卷）The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A． they B． where C． what D． that
9.（2011全国2卷）Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A． this B． that C． what D． which
10.（2011江西卷）She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.
A． for which B． with which C． of which D． to which
11.（2011江苏卷）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, __________ the audience can buy ice-cream.
A．When B．Where C．that D．which[来源:学+科+网]
12.（2011湖南卷）Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of _______ she spoke fluently.
A． who B． whom C． which D． that
13.（2011福建卷）It was April 29,2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that B．when C．since D．berore
14.（2011福建卷）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A． which B． where C． what D． who
15.（2011北京卷）Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.
A． who B． which C． what D． that

第四讲 状语从句和名词性从句
知识要点：
状语从句和名词性从句的分类
各种连接词的含义
知识讲解
时间状语从句：
1. when，while， as 的用法区别
when:
常见句型：
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
while:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
as:
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. ‘一… 就…’ 的表达
1) as soon as, once
2) immediately, directly, instantly
3) the moment, the first time,
4) no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when
3. till, until 和 not until

4. before和 since

地点状语：
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere

原因状语：
because， as， since，for

目的状语和结果状语
in order that, so that
for fear that

so that, (too…to, so…as to )

条件状语和方式状语
if, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that, supposing, provided that

as, as if, as though

让步状语从句和比较状语从句：
though/although, even though(if)
than as…as
名词性从句
1. 分类：
2. 连词：
3. 常见接同位语从句的名词：desire, news, possibility, answer, hope, fact, truth, idea, promise, information, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, thought, belief, decision, doubt, opinion, theory等。

练习题：
1.（2011四川卷）Frank insisted that he was not asleep I had great difficulty in waking him up.
A． whether B． although C． for D． so
2.（2011浙江卷）One Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend away __ my daughter beard cries for help
A． after B． while C． since D． when
3.（2011新课标卷）-Someone wants you on the phone.
- nobody knows I am here.
A．Although B．And C．But D．So
4.（2011新课标卷）Try she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
A． if B． when C． since D． as
5.（2011天津卷） regular exercise is very important，it’s never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
A．It B． As C．Although D．Unless
6.（2011全国2卷）It was a nice meal,_______a little expensive.
A． though B． whether C． as D． since
7.（2011辽宁卷）Bring the flowers into a warm room they'll soon open.
A． or B． and C． but D． for
8.（2011江西卷）The house was too expelsive and too big. ______, I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
A． Besides B． Therefore C． Somehow D． Otherwise
9.（2011四川卷）As it reported, it is 100 years _____________Qinghua University was founded.
A． when B． before C． after D． since
10.（2011重庆卷）To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off we are to shake hands with.
A．whichever B．whenever C．whoever D．wherever
11.（2011新课标卷）Only when he reached the tea-house it was the same place he’d been in last year.
A． he realized B．he did realize C．realized he D．did he realize[来源:学科网]
12.（2011陕西卷）__________________all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.
A． Since B． While C． If D． As
13.（2011湖南卷）Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him _______ he had done something very clever.
A． as if B． in case C． while D． though
14.（2011北京卷）___________volleyball is her main focus, she’s also great at basketball.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]
A． Since B． Once C． Unless D． While
15.（2011安徽卷）His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _____it is he is trying to express.
A． that B． how C． who D． what
16.（2011陕西卷）I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money.
A．why B．when C．which D．what
17.（2011辽宁卷）Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read first.
A． what B． who C． how D． why
18.（2011江苏卷）It was never clear _______ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A．that B．how C．when D．why
19.（2011湖南卷）Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _______ the problem itself is.
A． what B． that C． which D． why
20.（2011北京卷）The shocking news made me realize terrible problems we would face.
A． what B． how C． that D． why
21.（2011北京卷） Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A． Which B． What C． That D． Whom
22.（2011山东卷）I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is_____ he never finishes anything.
A． that B． when C． where D． why
23.（2011辽宁卷）When the news came the war broke out, he decided, to serve in the army.
A． since B． which C． that D． because
24.（2011重庆卷）It is not always easy for the public to see _______ use a new invention can be of to human life.
A． whose B． what C． which D． that
25.（2011山东卷）We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know______ she’ll accept it.
A． where B． what C． whether D． which
26.（2011江西卷）The villagers have already known ______ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A． this B． that C． what D． which

第五讲 冠词，名词和代词
1. 名词
可数名词
普通名词（人或物的名称）
dog
集体名词（集体的名称）
class
不可数名词
物质名词（物质的名称）
paper
抽象名词（抽象的物的名称）
happiness
专有名词（人或物所特有的名称）
Tom, China
*可数与不可数名词的界定：
2. 冠词用法：
单数名词
a/an
泛指（单一，每一，任一）

类指

the
特指
上文提到
被限制性修饰语限定
说话双方默认
独一无二（世界上）
专指

类指

复数名词和不可数名词：

3. 代词：
1）分类：人称，物主，反身，指示，不定，疑问、关系
2）用法：
指示代词：this, that, it, such, same
不定代词：one, the one, ones, the ones, that, those, every-, any-, no-, none, either, neither, both, all, little, few, a little, a few

练习题：
1.(2011新课标卷,33) It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.
A.a; a B.a; the C.the; the D.a; 不填
2.(2011全国卷II,16) As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.
A. the;不填 B. a; the C.不填a D. the; a
3.(2011山东卷,21) Take your time—it’s just_____short distance from here to_____restaurant.
A.不填；the B. a; the C. the; a D.不填；a
4.(2011浙江卷,2) Experts think that __________recently discovered painting may be ________ Picsso.
A.the ;不填 B. a ;the C. a ; 不填 D. the; a
5.(2011四川卷,18）Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “ fifth of pupils here go on to s