小学英语语法.doc

小学英语基本语法
第一讲 名词
知识要点
一、名词的数
在英语中，名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数名词表示一个可数事物。复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物。可数名词可分为单数和复数两种形式：表示一个人或事物的名词用单数形式，在使用时，前面一般加不定冠词a或an，表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的名词用复数形式,一般是在词干后附加词尾s 或es,如：bags ,boxes.名词单数变复数具体规则如下：
1).规则变化
①一般在名词后加s.如boy→boys, pen→pens等。
②以s, x, sh, ch结尾的，在后面加es.如class→classes,但stomach的复数为stomachs.
③“以辅音字母+y”结尾的，y变为i，然后再加es.如baby→babies.
④以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v, 再加es. 如knife, half, leaf, wolf等。
⑤以o结尾的名词，除tomato, potato等少数在后面加es外，一般是在后面直接加s.如kilo→kilos, photo→photos, zoo→zoos, radio→radios, piano→pianos, video→videos.
2).不规则变化
① man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth,，child-children，mouse→mice
② 单复数形式相同如：sheep→sheep, deer→deer, Japanese→Japanese, Chinese→Chinese等。
③ 有些名词形式上是单数，实为复数意义，通常被称为复数名词，如：people, police等。
④ 由-man和-woman构成的合成词如：policeman→policemen, Englishman→Englishmen，Englishwoman-Englishwomen但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans.另外被man 或woman 修饰的名词变复数时，两个名词都要变。例：a man doctor →two men doctors
a woman teacher→some women teachers 但: apple tree→apple trees
⑤ 有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes, trousers, glasses, chopsticks等。
⑥数词+名词作定语时， 常采用数词+单数名词形式，如a two-week holiday,
an 8-year old girl.另一种常见的形式有five minutes’ walk, two days’ leave等。
3）不可数名词没有单复数形式，要表示不可数名词的数量，可用以下两种方法。
①用much, a little, a lot of /lots of some, any等修饰不可数名词。如：
The rich man has a lot of money.
②可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词， 如：a piece of paper, two pieces of paper,
a bottle of orange, a glass of milk, three bags of rice。
二、名词的格
1）表示有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格一般在名词后加’s .如：my father’s study以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加’ 如： the teachers’ reading room 教师阅览室;不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加’s.如：the women’s shoes 女式鞋子。如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词的后面加’s。如果不是共有的，则两个名词之后都要加’s .如：Jane and Helen’s room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)Bill’s and Tom’s radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）
2）表示无生命的东西，一般用 of+名词的结构。如：a map of China
　练习：
I.写出下列名词的复数形式。
1.watch ____________ 11.strawberry _______________
2.child _____________ 12.thief ____________________
3. photo ____________ 13.girl student_______________
4.diary ____________ 14.man doctor_______________
5.day______________ 15.woman nurse_____________
6.foot______________ 16.pear tree_________________
7.book____________ 17. peach____________________
8.dress ____________ 18. box______________________
9.tooth____________ 19. baby____________________
10. deer___________ 20. German__________________
II. 翻译下列词组。
1.一些桃子 _____________________ 10.我的自行车________________
2.五袋大米______________________ 11.教师节 ________________
3.八只脚 _____________________ 12.三八妇女节________________
4.二十颗牙齿____________________ 13. 二张纸 ________________
5.三瓶果汁 _____________________ 14.四个男医生________________
6.四十个女警察__________________ 15.七颗梨树 ________________
7.十二把小刀____________________ 16.一副世界地图______________
8.九个德国人____________________ 17.Helen的朋友
9.许多孩子 _____________________ 18.双胞胎的妈妈______________
III. 按要求改写下列句子。
1. There is an orange tree in the garden.（改为复数句）
____________________________________________________
2. She is a good teacher. （改为复数句）
____________________________________________________
3. I have some interesting story books. （改为单数句）
____________________________________________________
4. There are some women teachers over there. （改为单数句）
_____________________________________________________
5. -What is it? –It’s a box. （改为复数句）
_____________________________________________________
IV. 单项选择。
( )1.Mr Smith is _______father. They are twin sisters.
A. Mary ’s and John’s B. Mary’s and John C. Mary and John’s
( )2.She needs ___________________.
A. a glass water B. two glasses of water C. two glasses of waters
( )3.There are five______ in our school.
A. woman teacher B woman teachers C. women teachers
( )4.There are many _______ in the fridge.
A. food B.bread C. vegetables
( )5.I’m thirsty. I think I’ll buy some______.
A. water B. eggs C. cakes
( ) 6.John bought ___ for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoe
( )7. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. !
A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken
( )8. There are five ___in our factory.
A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers
( )9. The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.
A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk
C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk
( ) 10. _____ turn yellow in autumn.
A. Leaf B. Leaves C. Leave D. Leafs
( ) 11. Will you please show me the way to the _____ shop?
A. shoe B. shoes’ C. shoes D. shoe’s
( )12. _____ hard work it is!
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
( )13. His family _____ a happy one.
A. be B. are C. is D. was
( ) 14. I met two _____ in the street yesterday morning.
A. German B. Australian C. American D. Japanese
( ) 15. My grandparents like _____ very much, so they grow some in their _____ garden every year.
A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetables
B. C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable
V.用所给单词的正确形式填空。
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
　　2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
　　3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
　　4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
　　5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
　　6. Let's take________(photo), OK?
　　7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
　　8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
　　9. Their________(dictionary) look new.
　 11. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
　　12.Different people may have different _______(idea).
13.Would you like some ________(tomato)?
14. Jim has some ____________(knife).
15. The girl under the tree is a friend of _______(Lucy).
第二讲 代词
知识要点
代词是用来代替人、事物等名词的词。
（1）人称代词
1.人称代词有人称、数和格之分，在句子中作主语用主格，作宾语或表语用宾格。
2.在比较句型中的连词后，可以用主格也可用宾格。
3.句子中同时有几个人称代词出现时，一般按第二人称、第三人称、第一人称的顺序。
（2）物主代词
1.形容词性物主代词y与名词性物主代词关系为：
名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。
2.双重所有格：名词+of +名称性物主代词. Ann is a friend of my mother’s.
3.名词性物主代词用在比较句型中表示与前文中的比较对象相呼应。
My father is older than yours.(yours 指的是your father)

我
我们
你
你们
他
她
它
他们
主格
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
them
形容词性物主代词
my
our
your
your
his
her
its
their
名词性物主代词
mine
ours
yours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
反身
代词
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
herself
itself
themselves
（3）指示代词：指近处：this→these 指远处：that→those
（4）反身代词：在英语中用来表示“我自己”，、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、你们自己“等意义的代词称为反身代词。反身代词常用的固定短语有by myself, enjoy oneself, help oneself to,等
(5) 疑问代词：疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的，疑问代词一般位于句子开头。常用的有who, whom, whose, which, what等.
　练习：
I 用相应的人称代词替换下列单词或词组
1.Lucy______________________ 6.Mike’s father and mother________________
2.Mr White__________________ 7.you and Sue _________________________
3.the man ___________________ 8. the desk __________________________
4.Mary and I________________ 9. Mrs Green __________________________
5. Ed and Jim ________________ 10. many sheep ________________________
II. 用适当的人称代词填空。
1.That’s Tom’s book. Please give ________ to ________.
2.They’re new students here. Would you please look after ______________?
3.His sister is a nurse in the hospital. Do you know________________?
4.This is a bedroom, there is a bed in ______.
5.______ is a tall and pretty girl.
III. 用适当的物主代词填空。
1.Look, this is _____ new bike. I like it very much.
2.We have two new friends, ________ names are Sam and Tim.
3.You must look after ________ things.
4.Mary usually goes shopping with_______ parents.
5.Look at _____ school, it’s big and beautiful. We love it very much.
IV.根据所给汉语完成句子。
1.Which story is better, _____( 你的 ) or __________( 他的 )?
2.Look! That is ____________( 我的 ) bike. Where is ________(你的 )?
3.__________( 我们的)house is larger than _____________.( 他们的 ).
4.I have a cat. ________( 它的 )name is Mimi.
5.These are ________( 她的)books, _______( 他的) are over there.
6._______is a boy. _____ name is David. (he)
7. ______ is a nice girl, _______ name is Jenny. (she)
8.Is ______ English name Francisco? (you)
9.What is ______ phone number? (he)
10.How do ____ spell ______ name? (you)
11. _______ sister is a teacher. (she)
V. 用适当的指示代词(this, that, these, those)填空。
1. ______ pens are mine. Those are yours.
2. –What’s ____ over there? – It’s a car.
3.Look, _____ ruler is longer than that one.
4.–Hello! Who’s _____ speaking? – Hello! _____ is Mary speaking.
5.Wang Lin, ______ is my brother Mike.
VI. 用适当的疑问词填空。
1. -________ are you doing? – I’m reading books.
2. -_________T-shirt is this? – It’s Tom’s.
3. __________ do you like better, this one or that one?
4. -_________is the man in the car? – He’s my uncle.
5. -To ______ did you talk last night? – My classmate , Jim.
VII.单项选择。
( )1. These are ______ oranges. Those are ______ oranges.
A. my, yours B. his, her C. ours, their
( )2. ______ are in the same class. _____ Chinese teacher is Miss Gao.
A. Their, Their B. We, Their C. They, their
( ). 3_____ is a good teacher. _____ all like _____.
A. He, They, her B. She, They, him C. She, We, her
( )4. Mr Green teaches_____ English. He likes________ very much.
A. us, them B. them, they C. me , me
( )5. _______are in the same school.
A. I, you and he B. you, he and I C. He, I and you
( )6 .I met Kate on way home yesterday .
A .my B .me C .his D .him
( )7 .Kate and her sister went on holiday with a classmate of .
A .her B .hers C .their D .theirs
( )8 .—Which of these two sweaters will you take ?
—I’ll take .They look nearly the same ,and I just need one .
A .both B .either C .none D .all
( )9 .He has two basketballs .One is new , is old .
A .the other B .other C .the others D .others
( )10 .I have bought a new watch because my old doesn’t work .
A .it B .one C .that D .this
( )11 .—Can you speak Russian ? —Yes ,but only .
A .little B .a little C .few D .a few
( )12 .—What would you like to have ,tea or milk ?-____I’d like to have a glass of water .
A .Each B .Neither C .Either D .Both
( )13 .My car was broken and I didn’t know to do .
A .what B .which C .when D .how
( ) 14. There are many trees __of the road! And ____ of the trees is growing larger and larger.
A. on both side, a number B. on each sides, a number
C. on both sides, the number D. on every side, the number
( )15 .—Did she go to school when she was young ? —No .She taught at home .
A .her B .herself C .hers D .she
第三讲 形容词、副词
知识要点
1)英语中大多数形容词、副词是可以分等级的，一般有三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的本来形式就是形容词的原级。如：John is a tall boy.两者间进行比较用到形容词比较级。如：Jim is taller than John.三者或者三者以上进行比较用形容词的最高级。Mike is the tallest of the three boys.(形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the)
2).形容词、副词比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化
规则变化
①单音节或双音节的形容词（或副词）比较级＋er最高级＋est small－smaller－smallest等
②以e结尾的词，比较级＋r，最高级＋st即可nice－nicer－nicest
③以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i＋er或est easy－easier－easiest
④双写最后一个辅音字母＋er或est hot－hotter－hottest
⑥ 一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most，如：
difficult---more difficult---most difficult
不规则变化：
good/well－better－best,bad－worse－worst many/much－more－most little－less－least
far－further －furthest（表示程度） far－farther－farthest（表示远近） old－older－oldest（表新旧） old－elder－eldest（表兄弟姊妹之间的长幼）
3).比较级前的修饰词：a little, a lot, much, even; far; still
4)形容词、副词比较级的特殊用法
①形容词/副词比较级+than+ any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“最……”。
例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.
= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earliest in his class.注意：Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Tom’s class.
②“the+形容词比较级+of the two+……”表示“...是两者中较…的”。
如，Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
③“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。He is getting taller and taller.
④“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越…,越…,”。The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make
5).最高级常用句型结构
①“主语+be+ the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。
如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.
②“主语+be+ one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“…是……中最……之一”。
如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
③序数词+最高级
Hainan Island is the second largest island in China.
练习：
I.写出所给词的反义词。
1.young________ 6.better___________
2. white________ 7. longer__________
3. big__________ 8. thinner_________
4. left_________ 9. far_____________
5.fast_________ 10. light__________
II. 用所给词的正确形式填空。
1. Maria is ________(thin). Lucy is __________(thin) than Mary.
2. Mike is ____________________(heavy) boy in his class.
3. Tom is as_________ ( tall) as Jim.
4. I am much _________( well) than yesterday.
5. This skirt is ___________________( expensive) of the three.
6. The weather today is ___________(hot) than it was yesterday.
7). Lucy writes __________________(careful) than her brother.
8)Today is ___________(busy) day this week.
9)That is ___ (easy ) of all.
10). He is ____ (clever ) boy in the class.
11). John is _____ ( short ) than Tom.
12). This box is ____ ( heavy ) than that one.
III、根据所给汉语完成句子
1. _____ ____exercise you take, _____ _____ (你锻炼越多就会越强壮) you will be.
2. Who jumped _______ (最远) of all in the long jump?
3. Lucy says she will write to you back ____ ____ ____ ______（尽可能快地）。
4. There are ____ ______ ______ (如此多的人) that we can’t see each other.
5.—_____ _____ _____ (何时何地) shall we meet?
—Let’s meet outside the school gate tomorrow afternoon.
IV、单项选择
( )1. —Tom is the ____ one I want to work with. He is always complaining.
— Be more patient.  He is still a good boy.
A. best   B. last   C. first    D. only
( )2. We want to go to Japan to have a ____ study.
A. farther   B. farthest   C. further   D. furthest
( )3. The meeting hall is ____ to hold 5000 people.
A. large enough     B. enough large   C. so large   D. too large
( )4. When spring comes, the trees get ____.
A. green and green   B. green and greener
C. greener and green   D. greener and greener
( )5. My _____ brother is three years ____ than I .
A. old; older   B. elder ; older  C. older; elder D. old; elder
( )6. He’s ____ to hear the bad news.
A. sorry   B. bad    C. happy   D. well
( )7. The snow is over one meter ____ when it’s winter here.
A. long   B. high   C. thick   D. this
( )8. This book is _____ worth seeing again.
A. very    B. quite   C. well   D. much
( )9. My sister sat ____ to me to listen to the story.
A. close   B. closely   C. nearby   D. with
( )10. The sports car is running ____, It seems to be flying.
A. fast and