浅析英语阅读能力的培养.doc

浅析英语阅读能力的培养摘要：英语阅读是英语学习中的重要一环。它是由感性知识升华至理论运用过程的一个关键环节。英语阅读能力的培养是一个循序渐进的过程。在循序中培养良好的习惯和阅读技巧，是提高英语阅读水平、培养英语阅读能力的有效手段和必由之路。关键词：阅读能力 解题技巧 在高中英语教学中，听说读写要进行综合训练，在进一步提高听、说、写的能力的同时，要侧重培养阅读能力。这是高中英语大纲提出的教学目的。阅读，是人们进行交际和获取信息所必需的基本语言技能之一。英语阅读教学在整个教学中的地位是勿庸置疑的。因而，对学生来说，加强阅读训练，提高阅读理解能力是十分重要的。阅读能力的培养，更是适应社会信息化发展趋势的客观要求。外语教学在走出应试教育模式而向注重能力培养、素质提高的大方向中，当然是侧重培养阅读能力的。首先，英语阅读能力的提高必须要求高效阅读。培养建立良好的阅读习惯，克服和纠正传统的笨办法是提高效率的一条极佳途径。那么怎样建立良好的阅读习惯呢？我认为最重要的一点就是要指导学生消除阅读过程中的坏习惯。我们知道，人的认知方式是大致相同的，但是不同的人的阅读习惯却是各异的。学生存在的不良阅读习惯主要有： 第一，慢读，有的学生认为阅读速度越慢，理解程度越高。第二，指字，有些学生为了集中注意力而用手指、笔、尺等指字行，并随目光而移动手指。第三，声读，有些学生由于缺乏默读训练或对文章中的文字不熟悉而出声朗读。第四，过分复视，有些学生对已经阅读过的内容感到不放心或没看懂，再度倒回去重读。第五，逐词阅读，有些学生的阅读速度太慢，不按意群阅读。第六，滥用词典，有些学生因不认识单词而在阅读的过程中不适当地、极频繁地使用词典。这样易断章取义，效率极低。所有这些都不是正确的阅读习惯，不符合阅读过程的科学规律，长期下去会降低阅读速度，不利于理解文意，影响阅读理解的广度和深度。因此，一切易于分散注意力的不良习惯必须予以纠正。比如，在平时阅读中，教师可以提醒学生适当加快阅读速度， 克制甚至强迫自己将习惯指字的手或其他物体离开读物。如果学生有声读的坏习惯，应让学生逐渐克服声读，阅读时可以紧闭双唇。同时，教师可以逐步培养学生连贯阅读的习惯和总体把握的阅读能力，并鼓励学生逐步树立起对自己记忆力和理解力的信心。学生有了自信心，就不会再对已经阅读过的内容感到不放心，这样自然就会减少复视的次数。而学生掌握了总体把握的阅读能力，就会逐渐改掉逐词阅读的坏习惯，懂得按意群阅读。这里举一个按意群阅读的例子，比如，During these years Banks helped to develop the royal gardens at Kew into one of the greatest botanical gardens in the world. 另外，很多学生都有滥用词典的坏习惯。 克服这个极普遍的坏习惯最有效的途径就是学会猜词，掌握猜词技巧。猜词可以利用上下文分析法和词素分析法，即据推理、经历、因果、实例、同义、反义与解释等方法和看其词根，前后缀等。长此下去，我们自然就养成了良好的阅读习惯。其次，在建立良好的阅读习惯的基础上，教师应注重培养学生的阅读技巧。高考英语阅读理解命题基本上可以分为五类：细节判断题，猜测词义题，主旨大意题，推理引申题，篇章结构题。学生应掌握以上五种试题的具体解题技巧，并在平时练习中加以训练。第一，细节判断题解题技巧：首先通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过scanning确定细节，从大量的资料中迅速找到具体信息。第二，猜测词义题解题技巧：阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境推测某些生词的词义。具体方法如通过构词法、词性、上下文来猜测词义。第三，主旨大意题解题技巧：识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。第四，推理引申题解题技巧：读者必须忠实于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知。对于涉及作者观点和态度的一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中。第五，篇章结构题解题技巧：读者要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包括论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。以上五点也是高考阅读理解中考察的重点，因而学生不可忽视对于这五类题型的练习，而且学生也应在大量练习的同时逐步掌握其解题技巧。下面我们以具体试题为例来分析具体解题技巧和方法。A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made manthe man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or industry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the common laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.美国文化的一个特点，并且几乎成为美国的一项传统的是对自我奋斗的人的尊敬通过自己的努力到达顶峰，通常是白手起家。然而公司，企业的领导，社会地位很高，在社区中获得比一般工人或工厂技术人员更多的尊敬的大学教授，都不愿说出自己的父亲在美国是从一个农民，工人这类人开始奋斗的。This attitude toward manual (体力) labor is now still seen in many aspects of American life. One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortable but even luxuriously (豪华地) furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the nearby bakery. On the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. A professional may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house. His son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education. (291 words)这种对体力劳动的尊敬在美国生活的很多地方都能看到。一个人被邀请到一户家庭赴宴，这户家庭装潢不只舒适，可以说是豪华，处处可证明这家人家支付得起国外旅行，奢侈的爱好和孩子的大学教育。但是这样的女主人很有可能自己做饭招待客人，然后洗刷餐具，并且这样的宴会不会仅仅提供快餐式的罐头食品，从附近面包房买的蛋糕或派。相反的，女主人通常为精心准备特别的菜肴而感到自豪。男主任会谈论自己如何洗车，在花房劳作，粉刷房子，他的儿子在外地上大学，做餐厅侍应生，洗盘子来供自己生活花费，或者暑假的时候为建筑队在高速公路工作赚钱付学费。1. From paragraph 1, we know that in America _.从第一段我们可以知道在美国？A. people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man人们对自我奋斗的人评价很高B. people can always rise to the top through their won effortsC. college professors win great respect from common workersD. people feel painful to mention their fathers as labors2. According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because _.从这篇文章来看，女主人自己做饭主要是因为？A. servants in American are hard to getB. she takes pride in what she can do herself她对自己可以做的事情感到自豪C. she can hardly afford servantsD. It is easy to prepare a meal with canned food.3. The expression “wait on table” in the second paragraph means “_”.第二段中，词组“等在桌旁”的意思是什么？A. work in a furniture shopB. keep accounts for a barC. wait to lay the tableD. serve customers in a restaurant在餐厅为客人服务这篇文章主要介绍了美国人民在生活中尊重通过自己的勤奋劳动而获得成功的人这样一种文化。第1题为主旨大意题。从第一段内容可知整段都围绕第一句话展开，因而第一句话是这一段的主题句，说明在美国手工工人很受尊敬。第二题为细节判断题。浏览全文后，我们可以从第二段倒数第四句话找出答案：女主人自己做饭的原因是她们为自己能动手做饭而感到骄傲。第三题为猜测词义题。我们可以根据下文“wash dishes for his living”推测出wait on table的意思是“在饭店当招待员”。从这三道题可以看出主旨大意题的关键是找主题句。细节判断题的关键是确定细节，查找具体信息。猜测词义题的关键是联系上下文内容，当然有时也可以根据构词法来猜词。下面以另一篇文章为例。Foot-racing is a popular activity in the United States. It is not only seen as a competitive sport, but also as a way to exercise, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might not train at all. Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time, or simply to enjoy the fun and exercise. People of all ages, from those less than one year old to those in their 80s, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses, through parks, and suburban areas, and commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length. The largest footrace in the world is the 12-kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at Pacific Ocean. In 1993 there were 80,000 people running in this race through the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front are the serious runners who compete to win, and who might finish in as little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish. In the back of the race are those who wear costumes (服装) just for fun. In 1993 there was a group of men all of whom dressed up like Elvis Presley. There was a group of firefighters who were all tied in a long line and were carrying a fire-hose (水龙带). One year there was a bridal party in which the bride dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. They threw flowers to bystanders, and were actually married at some point along the route.The writer organized the passage according to_.A time and order B history and futureC statement and example D cause and effect这是一道篇章结构题。文章第一段重点是阐述，而第二段是关于the largest foot-race in the world，是个例子，故选C项。另外，篇章结构题最常见的提问方式还有：The underlined word “it” in paragraph refers to. ; The example. is used to illustrate. 等等。对于这类题，学生要学会理解段落层次，弄清写作方法。最后，还有一类题，即推理引申题。对于这一类题型，学生在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章的结构，根据上下文之间的内在联系，推断文章的深层含义。特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理。这里不再具体举例。总之，英语阅读能力的培养是一个循序渐进的过程，要每天阅读并形成良好的阅读习惯，持之以恒，并掌握一些阅读技巧，相信通过这样的训练，学生的英语阅读能力一定能够在潜移默化中得到提高。参考书目：影响阅读效率的两大因素 如何进行成功的阅读