1、说明文的解题技巧刘习文(洪湖一中)“说明文”在近年的全国新课标卷上所占比例很大,每年必有1-2篇。其话题广泛,涉及到科普知识(2015全国卷II,B篇),介绍说明(2015全国卷I,C篇;2014全国卷I,B篇,卷II,B篇)及社会文化(2015全国卷I,D篇;2014全国卷I,D篇;2014全国卷II,C篇)等题材,文长均在300词左右,题目设置中等难度,要求考生在7分钟左右完成。基本特点:说明文一般由导语、背景、主体和结尾四部分构成,它有明确的主题,论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构,层次分明,段落清晰。主题句常出现在句首和句尾。内容新奇,尽管有专业词汇和术语,但可以通过上下文、构词法等来理
2、解词义。常常会设计细节理解、词义猜测、推理判断和主旨大意题等。解题技巧:一、科普文传播科学,解题要“遵循科学的内在逻辑”。利用科学规律可以快速排除阅读题的干扰选项。干扰项设计巧妙,但往往观点偏颇、片面或夸大其词。如: 例1 (2013年高考湖北卷阅读理解E) A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists wh
3、o expected their future to be worse. Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future. “Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to
4、taking improved precautions (预防措施),” the authors wrote.Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people _.A. to fully enjoy their present life B. to estimate their contribution accuratelyC. to take measures against potential risks D. to value health more highly than wealth 解析 本文说明一份科学研
5、究的结果,过于乐观的人实际上比悲观的人在10年内更有残疾或死亡的风险。题目考查的是Pessimism的积极方面的作用。悲观主义者凡事都往坏的一面想。从辩证的角度看,其积极的一面就是有利于对潜在的危险有比较充分的认识并采取措施。根据第6段中的may be more careful about their actions,和第7段中的may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施),就知道C是正确的。选项A,充分享受现有的生活,文中没提及;选项B,悲观主义让人准确估计他们的贡献,选项D,更看重身体,而不是财富,这些都不是科学的规律,而且与原文
6、无关。二、说明文主旨明确,精准、直白、在首尾。即:文章主旨在首尾段;段落主旨在首尾句。如: 例2 (2015年高考新课标I卷阅读理解C) Salvador Dali was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sc
7、ulptures, drawings and more. Which of the following best describes Dali to Paragraph 1?A. Optimistic B. Productive C. Generous D. Traditional解析 首段讲述了达利的200多幅油画、雕塑和绘画作品等将在巴黎的The Pompidou Centre 展出,对其生平和贡献进行了总体概括,用列数字的方法体现了他的作品之多,所以选择B(多产的),指作品多产的。其他选项,A乐观的;C慷慨的,D传统的,在首段和全文中都没提及。结构分析:with an exhibitio
8、n bringing .作状语,用一个展览聚集200多幅作品,来表示对这个艺术家及他强大的人格魅力的尊重。例3 (2015年高考重庆卷阅读理解E) 首段 The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism (相对主义),are simply reflection of local social and economic conditions. Such a view ,however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the huma
9、n mind across cultures and through centuries. 第三段首句 In a 1757 essay, the philosopher argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature”. 尾段 Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. . Which of the following can best s
10、erve as the title of passage?A. Are Artistic Values Universal? B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?C. Is Human Nature Uniform? D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?解析 主旨大意题。首段先提出观点,根据相对主义,艺术作品的价值只不过是当地社会经济条件的一种反映;然后话题一转,however, 这样的观点不能解释一些艺术作品跨文化跨世纪的让人们头脑兴奋的能力;尾段谈到现在研究者正在运用科学的方法来研究艺术的普遍性或共同性。关键词universal
11、ity 和选项A的universal同根,核心词values,可提炼主旨为选项A,艺术作品的价值观是普遍的吗? 选项B中的popular arts指流行的艺术,偷换概念,范围变小;选项C讲人性是不变的,外延扩大;the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature在人性中总的品味原则是不变的,本文主要是谈对艺术作品的价值观的普遍性,不是谈人性的不变;选项D讲文化相对主义科学吗?文化相对主义只是一种引用的理论,本文不涉及其本身的科学性。三、 说明文侧重逻辑思维能力的考查。思维能力包括发现问题、分析问题的能力和抽象概括的能
12、力。1. 寻找显性目标,顺藤摸瓜,发现问题。如:例4 (2015年新课标I卷阅读理解C) The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning,the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain. How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?A. B
13、y popularity. B. By importance C. By size and shape. D. By time and subject.解析 细节理解题。根据同义异构的原则,即命题选项一般会用与原文意思相同或相近的不同的词,如原文中用follow, exhibitions, 题干用arrange, exhibits, 可直接定位在第二段最后一句话The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor existing through the brain. 得知,达利的世界是按照时间和主题来组织作品展览
14、的。文章说观众从鸡蛋形状的入口进去(enter.through an egg),从大脑形状的出口出来(exiting through the brain),里面的作品是follow a path of time and subject)。故选项C中提到的大小和形状不是展览安排的方式,应排除。文章没有说到其展出作品的重要性,更不是按照重要性安排展览的,故选项B应排除;选项A,按照流行度安排,文中没有提及,故排除。2. 分析事物的相关性,判断各对象之间的关系来挖掘隐性目标;或通过多个对象的共同元素来抽象概括,提炼目标。例5 (2015年新课标I卷阅读理解D). Over the years, Pa
15、risian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle- - longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger gernerationss desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?A. They are less
16、 frequently visited. B. They stay open for longer hours.C. They have bigger night crowds. D. They start to serve fast food.解析 推理判断题。根据题干中的French lifestyle, 要找到cafes 如何受法国生活方式的影响,首先定位到原文第二段,“多年来,巴黎的咖啡馆成了法国生活方式改变的受害者。句中破折号后的内容就是说明现在的生活方式,即更长的工作时间,快餐的兴起和年轻人更喜欢花更多的时间呆在家里”。找准定位信息,尤其是a younger generations
17、 desire to spend more time at home,然后把题干、选项和文中定位信息三结合,弄清他们之间的逻辑关系,可以概括出,这些生活方式导致了人们不经常去咖啡馆,故选A。选项B中他们延长营业时间,而原文中longer working hours是唯一的定位点,但是讲的却是工作时间长,不符合题意;选项C他们晚上有更多的人群,与年轻人更喜欢花更多的时间呆在家里矛盾,故排除C;选项D他们开始提供快餐,定位信息a fast-food boom,快餐的兴起繁荣,是法国的生活方式,不是说咖啡馆开始提供快餐,故排除D。四、密切关注文中的转折,作者的观点往往在转折后。如:例6 (2015
18、年高考新课标I卷阅读理解D)A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself; Its trying to help the citys troubled neighbourhood cafes. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused arou
19、nd psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs B. Supply better drinks. C. Save the cafe business D. Serve the neighbourhood 解析 推理判断题。难度为中上等。根据题干关键词theme cafes,考查它被期望做到什么?根据文题顺序一致的原则,直接定位到第二段含有
20、theme cafes的倒数第二句话,这是我们思考问题的切入点。本段话主旨在第二句话,即but转折后的Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes.前面提出问题,话题一转,观点出来了。心理咖啡馆改变了原来的境遇,带来了很大的变化。本文重点讲述了这一点,很多theme cafes的出现就是为了帮助那些处于困境中的cafes,选项C拯救了日益没落的咖啡行业,符合文意。而选项D最具迷惑性,为邻里社区提供服务,虽然最后一段说的是主题咖啡馆给人们提供了一个能够敞开心扉,畅谈的地方,但并不是他们期待去做的事情,虽然在客观上确实提供了服务,但这并不是问题本身所需要得到的回答。至于选项A创造更多工作,选项B提供更好的饮品,不是他所期待做的事;做题的关键要注意题干本身所问的意思是什么,要确切地明白作者所要表达的观点。4