China培训资料.ppt

A Brief Introduction to China-GeographyandHistoryMount Everest中国全景中国全景中国的全称是中华人民共和国，首都在北中国的全称是中华人民共和国，首都在北京，京，陆地总面积陆地总面积为为960万平方公里，是世界万平方公里，是世界上面积最大的国家之一。上面积最大的国家之一。ThePeoplesRepublicofChinaisthefullofficialnameofChina,whosecapitalisBeijing.Ithasalandareaofabout9.6millionsquarekilometersanditisoneofthelargestcountriesinlandsizeinthewholeworld.Panoramic View中国中国位于亚洲东部位于亚洲东部、太平洋的西岸太平洋的西岸，陆地边界陆地边界长达长达2万万余余千米，千米，东邻东邻朝鲜，朝鲜，北邻北邻蒙古人民共和国，东北和蒙古人民共和国，东北和西北与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦西北与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦接壤接壤，西和西南，西和西南邻邻阿富汗、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、锡金和不丹，巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、锡金和不丹，南邻南邻缅甸、缅甸、老挝和越南。老挝和越南。ChinaislocatedinEastAsia,onthewesternshoresofthePacificOcean.Ithasacontinentallandboundaryofmorethan20,000kilometersandadjoinsKoreaintheeast,thePeoplesRepublicofMongoliainthenorth,RussiaandKazakhstaninthenortheastandnorthwest,Afghanistan,Pakistan,India,Nepal,SikkimandBhutaninthewestandsouthwestandBurma,LaosandVietnaminthesouth.大陆大陆海岸线海岸线长达长达18000余千米，余千米，隔着大海隔着大海，跟日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚跟日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚以及文莱等国家和地区以及文莱等国家和地区遥遥向望遥遥向望。Thecontinentalcoastlineismorethan18,000kilometerslongandlooksacrosstheseastowardsJapan,thePhilippines,Malaysia,IndonesiaandBrunei.中国西部有世界上最高的山脉和高原，中国西部有世界上最高的山脉和高原，丘丘陵、山脉和高原占陵、山脉和高原占国土面积的国土面积的66%以上。以上。Over66%ofChinaisuplandhill,mountainsandplateauswhilethehighestmountainsandplateausarefoundtothewest.青藏高原是世界上最高最大的高原，素有青藏高原是世界上最高最大的高原，素有世界屋世界屋脊脊之称。喜马拉雅山脉的之称。喜马拉雅山脉的珠穆朗玛峰位于中国和珠穆朗玛峰位于中国和尼泊尔边界尼泊尔边界，海拔，海拔8848.13米，是世界上最高的山米，是世界上最高的山峰。峰。TheQinghai-TibetPlateauisthehighestandlargestplateauwhichiscommonlyknowasthe“roofoftheworld”.QomolangmaintheHimalayasMountainsislocatedontheborderbetweenChinaandNepal,beingtheworldshighestpeak,havinganelevationof8848.13meters.中国目前的中国目前的主要行政划分主要行政划分包括包括4个个直辖市直辖市、23个省、个省、5个个自治区自治区，香港和澳门被划为，香港和澳门被划为特别行政区。特别行政区。ThemainadministrativedivisioninChinatodayarethefourmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment,thetwenty-threeprovincesandthefiveautonomousregions.HongKongandMacaoarethetwoSpecialAdministrativeRegions.长江长江长江，也称长江，也称扬子江扬子江，长，长6300千米，是中国第一长千米，是中国第一长河，世界第三长长河。它河，世界第三长长河。它发源于发源于青海省的唐古拉青海省的唐古拉山脉。山脉。ThelongestriverinChina,andthethirdlongestriverintheworld,isthe6300-kilometer-longChangjiang,morecommonlyknowintheWestastheYangtzeRiver.TheChangjiangRiverrisesintheTanggulaMountainsofQinghaiProvince.The Changjiang River/Yangtze River长江是中国的长江是中国的生命线生命线。它。它流经流经10个省市，有个省市，有700多条多条支流支流，流域面积流域面积为为180余万平方公里，余万平方公里，占中国陆地总面积的占中国陆地总面积的19%。长江。长江流经流经中国的中国的主主要工业区要工业区，形成华南，形成华南人口密度最大人口密度最大的三角洲。的三角洲。TheYangtzeRiverisChinaslifeline.Theriverflowsthroughtenprovinces,withover700tributaries,coversanareaof1.8millionkm,whichis19percentofthetotallandareaofChina.TheriverflowsthroughthemajorindustrializedareainChina,andformsthemostdenselypopulateddelta.黄河黄河黄河是中国第二大河，发源于中国西部的黄河是中国第二大河，发源于中国西部的巴颜克拉山脉，巴颜克拉山脉，南北迂回南北迂回，长达，长达5464千米。千米。向东注入向东注入大海，大海，流域面积流域面积为为745000余平方余平方千米，千米，养育养育着着1.2亿人口。古代中国的文化亿人口。古代中国的文化就就发源于发源于黄河流域的中部。黄河流域的中部。黄河是世界上黄河是世界上泥沙沉积泥沙沉积最严重的河流，因最严重的河流，因其河水其河水终年呈黄褐色终年呈黄褐色而得名。而得名。The Yellow RiverHuangheRiver,ortheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.Originatedinthenationsfarwest,itloopsnorth,andbendssouth,andfloweastfor5,464kmuntilitemptiesintothesea,drainingabasinof745,000km,nourishingsome120millionpeople.Thousandsofyearsago,Chinesecivilizationemergedfromthecentralregionofthisbasin.Asthemostheavilysilt-ladenriverintheworld,theYellowRivergotitsnamefromthemuddinessofitswater.HistoryChinesecivilizationoriginatedinvariousregionalcentersalongboththeYellowRiverandtheYangtzeRivervalleysintheNeolithicera,buttheYellowRiverissaidtobetheCradleofChineseCivilization.ThewrittenhistoryofChinacanbefoundasearlyastheShangDynasty(ca.1700BCca.1046BC).OracleboneswithancientChinesewritingfromtheShangDynastyhavebeenradiocarbondatedtoasearlyas1500BC.TheoriginsofChineseculture,literatureandphilosophydevelopedduringtheZhouDynasty(1045BC-256BC).TheZhouDynastybegantobowtoexternalandinternalpressuresinthe8thcenturyBC.TheabilityoftheZhoutocontrolitsregionallordslessened,andthekingdomeventuallybrokeapartintosmallerstates,beginningintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandreachingfullexpressionintheWarringStatesperiod.In221BC,Qin Shi HuangunitedthevariouswarringkingdomsandcreatedthefirstChineseempire.SuccessivedynastiesinChinesehistorydevelopedbureaucraticsystemsthatenabledtheEmperorofChinatodirectlycontrolvastterritories.TheconventionalviewofChinesehistoryisthatofalternatingperiodsofpoliticalunityanddisunity,withChinaoccasionallybeingdominatedbyInnerAsianpeoples,mostofwhomwereinturnassimilatedintotheHanChinesepopulation.CulturalandpoliticalinfluencesfrommanypartsofAsia,carriedbysuccessivewavesofimmigration,expansion,andculturalassimilation,arepartofthemoderncultureofChina.Timeline of China1Prehistory1.1Paleolithic1.2Neolithic2Ancientera2.1XiaDynasty(ca.2100-ca.1600BC)2.2ShangDynasty(ca.1700-1046BC)2.3ZhouDynasty(1066-256BC)2.4SpringandAutumnPeriod(722-476BC)2.5WarringStatesPeriod(476-221BC)3Imperialera3.1QinDynasty(221-206BC)3.2HanDynasty(202BCAD220)3.3WeiandJinPeriod(AD265420)3.4WuHuPeriod(AD304439)3.5SouthernandNorthernDynasties(AD420589)3.6SuiDynasty(AD589618)3.7TangDynasty(AD618907)3.8FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms(AD907960)3.9Song,Liao,Jin,andWesternXiaDynasties(AD9601234)3.10YuanDynasty(AD12711368)3.11MingDynasty(AD13681644)3.12QingDynasty(AD16441911)4Modernera4.1RepublicofChina4.21949toPresentXia Dynasty(ca.2100-ca.1600 BC)TheXiaDynastyofChina(fromca.2100BCto1600BC)isthefirstdynastytobedescribedinancienthistoricalrecords.Althoughthereisdisagreementastowhetherthedynastyactuallyexisted,thereissomearchaeologicalevidencepointingtoitspossibleexistence.Shang Dynasty(ca.1700-1046 BC)TheearliestwrittenrecordofChinesepastsofardiscovereddatesfromtheShangDynastyinperhapsthe13thcenturyBCandtakestheformofinscriptionsofdivinationrecordsonthebonesorshellsofanimalstheso-calledoracle bones.Around1500BC,theChinesebegantousewrittenoraclebonestopredictthefuture.BythetimeoftheZhouDynasty(about1100BC),theChinesewerealsoworshippinganaturalforcecalledtian,whichisusuallytranslatedasHeaven.LikeShangdi,Heavenruledoveralltheothergods,anditdecidedwhowouldruleChina,undertheMandateofHeaven.Zhou Dynasty(1066-256 BC)TheZhouDynastywasthelongest-lastingdynastyinChinesehistory,from1066BCtoapproximately256BC.Bytheendofthe2ndmillenniumBC,theZhouDynastybegantoemergeintheYellowRivervalley,overrunningtheterritoryoftheShang.TheZhouappearedtohavebeguntheirruleunderasemi-feudalsystem.TheZhouwereapeoplewholivedwestoftheShang,andtheZhouleaderhadbeenappointedWesternProtectorbytheShang.TheruleroftheZhou,KingWu,withtheassistanceofhisbrother,theDukeofZhou,asregent,managedtodefeattheShangattheBattleofMuye.ThekingofZhouatthistimeinvokedtheconceptoftheMandateofHeaventolegitimizehisrule,aconceptthatwouldbeinfluentialforalmosteverysucceedingdynasty.TheZhouinitiallymovedtheircapitalwesttoanareanearmodernXian,ontheWeiRiver,atributaryoftheYellowRiver,buttheywouldpresideoveraseriesofexpansionsintotheYangtzeRivervalley.ThiswouldbethefirstofmanypopulationmigrationsfromnorthtosouthinChinesehistory.Spring and Autumn Period(722-476 BC)Inthe8thcenturyBC,powerbecamedecentralizedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,namedaftertheinfluentialSpringandAutumnAnnals.Inthisperiod,localmilitaryleadersusedbytheZhoubegantoasserttheirpowerandvieforhegemony.Thesituationwasaggravatedbytheinvasionofotherpeoplesfromthenorthwest,suchastheQin,forcingtheZhoutomovetheircapitaleasttoLuoyang.ThismarksthesecondmajorphaseoftheZhoudynasty:theEasternZhou.TheHundredSchoolsofThoughtofChinesephilosophyblossomedduringthisperiod,andsuchinfluentialintellectualmovementsasConfucianism,Taoism,LegalismandMohismwerefounded,partlyinresponsetothechangingpoliticalworld.TheSpringandAutumnPeriodismarkedbyafallingapartofthecentralZhoupower.Chinanowconsistsofhundredsofstates,someofthemonlyaslargeasavillagewithafort.Warring States Period(476-221 BC)Afterfurtherpoliticalconsolidation,sevenprominentstatesremainedbytheendof5thcenturyBC,andtheyearsinwhichthesefewstatesbattledeachotherareknownastheWarringStatesPeriod.ThoughthereremainedanominalZhoukinguntil256BC,hewaslargelyafigureheadandheldlittlerealpower.Asneighboringterritoriesofthesewarringstates,includingareasofmodernSichuanandLiaoning,wereannexed,theyweregovernedunderthenewlocaladministrativesystemofcommanderyandprefecture(郡县郡县).ThissystemhadbeeninusesincetheSpringandAutumnPeriod,andpartscanstillbeseeninthemodernsystemofprovinceandcounty.ThefinalexpansioninthisperiodbeganduringthereignofYingZheng,thekingofQin.Hisunificationoftheothersixpowers,andfurtherannexationsinthemodernregionsofZhejiang,Fujian,GuangdongandGuangxiin214BC,enabledhimtoproclaimhimselftheFirstEmperor(QinShiHuang).3Imperialera3.1QinDynasty(221-206BC)3.2HanDynasty(202BCAD220)3.3WeiandJinPeriod(AD265420)3.4WuHuPeriod(AD304439)3.5SouthernandNorthernDynasties(AD420589)3.6SuiDynasty(AD589618)3.7TangDynasty(AD618907)3.8FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms(AD907960)3.9Song,Liao,Jin,andWesternXiaDynasties(AD9601234)3.10YuanDynasty(AD12711368)3.11MingDynasty(AD13681644)3.12QingDynasty(AD16441911)4Modernera4.1RepublicofChina4.21949toPresentQin Dynasty(221-206 BC)HistoriansoftenrefertotheperiodfromQinDynastytotheendofQingDynastyasImperialChina.ThoughtheunifiedreignoftheQinEmperorlastedonly12years,hemanagedtosubduegreatpartsofwhatconstitutesthecoreoftheHanChinesehomelandandtounitethemunderatightlycentralizedLegalistgovernmentseatedatXianyang(closetomodernXian).ThedoctrineofLegalismthatguidedtheQinemphasizedstrictadherencetoalegalcodeandtheabsolutepoweroftheemperor.Thisphilosophy,whileeffectiveforexpandingtheempireinamilitaryfashion,provedunworkableforgoverningitinpeacetime.TheQinEmperorpresidedoverthebrutalsilencingofpoliticalopposition,includingtheeventknownastheburningofbooksandburyingofscholars.ThiswouldbetheimpetusbehindthelaterHanincorporatingthemoremoderateschoolsofpoliticalgovernance.TheQinDynastyiswellknownforbeginningtheGreatWallofChina,whichwaslateraugmentedandenhancedduringtheMingDynasty.TheothermajorcontributionsoftheQinincludetheconceptofacentralizedgovernment,theunificationofthelegalcode,developmentofthewrittenlanguage,measurement,andcurrencyofChinaafterthetribulationsoftheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriods.terra-cotta warriorsHan Dynasty(202 BCAD 220)TheHanDynasty(202BCAD220)emergedin206BC,withitsfounderLiuBangproclaimedemperorin202BC.ItwasthefirstdynastytoembracethephilosophyofConfucianism,whichbecametheideologicalunderpinningofallregimesuntiltheendofimperialChina.UndertheHanDynasty,Chinamadegreatadvancesinmanyareasoftheartsandsciences.EmperorWuconsolidatedandextendedtheChineseempirebypushingbacktheXiongnu(identifiedwiththeHuns)intothesteppesofmodernInnerMongolia,wrestingfromthemthemodernareasofGansu,NingxiaandQinghai.ThisenabledthefirstopeningoftradingconnectionsbetweenChinaandtheWest,alongtheSilkRoad.HanDynastygeneralBanChaoexpandedhisconquestsacrossthePamirstotheshoresoftheCaspianSea.18ThefirstofseveralRomanembassiestoChinaisrecordedinChinesesources,comingfromthesearouteinAD166,andasecondoneinAD284.EmperorGuangwureinstatedtheHanDynastywiththesupportoflandholdingandmerchantfamiliesatLuoyang,eastofXian.ThisnewerawouldbetermedtheEasternHanDynasty.Hanpowerdeclinedagainamidstlandacquisitions,invasions,andfeudingbetweenconsortclansandeunuchs.TheYellowTurbanRebellionbrokeoutinAD184,usheringinaneraofwarlords.Intheensuingturmoil,threestatestriedtogainpredominanceintheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms.ThistimeperiodhasbeengreatlyromanticizedinworkssuchasRomance of the Three Kingdoms.Jin Dynasty(265420)In280,theJinconqueredEasternWuandunifiedChina,butinternalconflicts,corruption,andpoliticalturmoilquicklyweakenedthedynasty,andtheunificationlastedonlytenyears.UpontheadventofthesecondJinemperor,EmperorHui,variousimperialprincestriedtograbpowerinthedevastatingWaroftheEightPrinces.TheWuHuuprisingfollowed,duringwhichlargenumbersofrefugeesfledsouthwhilenorthwasoccupiedbyvariousnomadictribes.ThismarkedtheendoftheWesternJindynastyin316whenJinevacuatedtoregionsouthoftheHuaiRiver,andthebeginningoftheEasternJinandSixteenKingdomsperiod.SimaRuifoundedtheEasternJinatJiankangin317,withitsterritorystretchingacrossmostoftodayssouthernChina.Wu Hu Period(AD 304439)TakingadvantageofcivilwarintheJinDynasty,thecontemporarynon-HanChinese(WuHu)ethnicgroupscontrolledmuchofthecountryintheearly4thcenturyandprovokedlarge-scaleHanChinesemigrationstosouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Southern and Northern Dynasties(AD 420589)SignaledbythecollapseofEastJinDynastyin420,ChinaenteredtheeraoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.TheHanpeoplemanagedtosurvivethemilitaryattacksfromthenomadictribesofthenorth,suchastheXianbei,andtheircivilizationcontinuedtothrive.InsouthernChina,fiercedebatesaboutwhetherBuddhismshouldbeallowedtoexistwereheldfrequentlybytheroyalcourtandnobles.Finally,neartheendoftheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesera,bothBuddhistandTaoistfollowerscompromisedandbecamemoretolerantofeachother.Sui Dynasty(AD 589618)In589,SuiannexedthelastSouthernDynasty,Chen,throughmilitaryforce,andputanendtotheeraofSouthernandNorthernDynasties.TheSuiDynasty,whichmanagedtoreunitethecountryin589afternearlyfourcenturiesofpoliticalfragmentation,playedarolemoreimportantthanitslengthofexistencewouldsuggest.TheSuibroughtChinatogetheragainandsetupmanyinstitutionsthatweretobeadoptedbytheirsuccessors,theTang.Tang Dynasty(AD 618907)OnJune18,618,Gaozutookthethrone,andtheTangDynastywasestablished,openinganewageofprosperityandinnovationsinartsandtechnology.Buddhism,whichhadgraduallybeenestablishedinChinafromthe1stcenturyAD,becamethepredominantreligionandwasadoptedbytheimperialfamilyandmanyofthecommonpeople.Changan(modernXian),thenationalcapital,isthoughttohavebeentheworldslargestcityatthetime.TheTangandtheHandynastiesareoftenreferredtoasthemostprosperousperiodsofChinesehistory.Besidespoliticalhegemony,theTangalsoexertedapowerfulculturalinfluenceoverneighboringstatessuchasthoseinKorea,Japan,andVietnam.Suchwasthedynastysinfluencethateventoday,theChinesetermforChinatownbearsthedynastictitle(Tangrenjie(唐人街),orThe Tang Peoples Street).Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms(AD 907960)TheperiodofpoliticaldisunitybetweentheTangandtheSong,knownastheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,lastedlittlemorethanhalfacentury,from907to960.Duringthisbriefera,whenChinawasinallrespectsamulti-statesystem,fiveregimessucceededoneanotherrapidlyincontroloftheoldImperialheartlandinnorthernChina.Duringthissametime,10morestableregimesoccupiedsectionsofsouthernandwesternChina,sotheperiodisalsoreferredtoasthatoftheTenKingdoms.Song,Liao,Jin,and Western Xia Dynasties(AD 9601234)In960,theSongDynastygainedpowerovermostofChinaandestablisheditscapitalinKaifeng(laterknownasBianjing),startingaperiodofeconomicprosperity,whiletheKhitanLiaoDynastyruledoverManchuria,present-dayMongolia,andpartsofNorthernChina.In1115,theJurchenJinDynastyemergedtoprominence,annihilatingtheLiaoDynastyin10years.Meanwhile,inwhatarenowthenorthwesternChineseprovincesofGansu,Shaanxi,andNingxia,thereemergedaWesternXiaDynastyfrom1032to1227,establishedbyTanguttribes.Yuan Dynasty(AD 12711368)TheJurchen-foundedJinDynastywasdefeatedbytheMongols,whothenproceededtodefeattheSouthernSonginalongandbloodywar,thefirstwarinwhichfirearmsplayedanimportantrole.Durin