Contrastive-Analysis语言学中的对比分析PPT参考课件.ppt

Contrastive AnalysisGroup Member：.1OutlineWhat is Contrastive Analysis/Study/Linguistics?What is the psychological basis of CA?What procedures should we adopt while conducting CA?What do we contrast/compare?2Definition nAn inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language.It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them.It could also be done within one language.CA can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purpose.3kindsnIntralingualnCross-linguistic/InterlingualnPhonological interferencenSyntactic interferencenContrastive pragmatics4Kinds nIntralingual-Analysis of contrastive phonemes.-Feature analysis of morph syntactic categories.-Analysis of morphemes having grammatical meaning-Analysis of word order5Kinds nCross-linguistic/Interlingual-Comparative analysis of morph syntactic systems.-Comparative analysis of lexical semantics-Analysis of translational equivalence-Study of interference in foreign language learning6kindsnPhonological interference-Those who cannot distinguish/n/and/l/sound in Chinese cannot distinguish the two sounds in English,either7Kinds nContrastive pragmatics-Analysis needs to consider not only linguistic contrasts but also pragmatic contrasts such as the similarities and differences in the stylistic uses,cultures,and other communicative networks.8Theoretical basesnHeavily influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism.nThe focus on CA is on the surface structure,including the phonology,morphology,syntax and discourse.nFollowing behaviorism,CA emphasizes on transfer in language learning9 Basis assumptions nL2 learning involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language.nThe main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1.nCA can predict,or at least account for,difficulties in L2 learning.nTeaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effects of interference and difficulties,and facilitate L2 learning.10Two types of transfernPositive transfer:similar structure facilitate learning.L1 habits can successfully be used in the L2.nNegative transfer:“interference”from the L1.L1 habits will cause errors in the L2.11Procedures of conducting CAuThe procedures followed involve:n 1)description(i.e.a formal description of the two languages was made such as distinctive features of each)n 2)selection(i.e.certain areas or items of the two languages were chosen for detailed comparison such as phonology,syntax and lexicon)n The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and laughters.n The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and bursts of laughter.n 3)comparison(i.e.the identification of areas of difference and similarity)12Differences between Chinese and English:As for the same thing,Chinese and English give a different name because of their different focus.Generally,black is equivalent to“黑黑”，and red is to“红红”.“青睐”in Chinese means“like”and“favor”while greeneyed in English means“jealous”.“眼红”in Chinese is equivalent to green-eyed in English.Then,what does“red-eyed flight”mean?13Similarities in Chinese and English:nThere are some similarities in syntax,look at the following examples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。Once bitten,twice shy.眼不见，心不烦。Out of sight,out of mind.4)prediction(i.e.determining which areas were likely to cause errors)which is always considered as a failure of doing.14What we are going to do next is data collection.There are two types of data:1)corpus-based data 2)introspective data Corpus-based data:a collection of materials that has been made for a particular purpose,such as a set of textbooks which are being analyzed and compared or a sample of sentences or utterances which are being analyzed for their linguistic features.Introspective data:a kind of data involving the subject reflecting the kinds of decisions they make and the kinds of strategies they use while carrying out a task,and reporting them as they occur.15Corpus-based data/Introspective data Introspective data is based on intuition to make judgment,the judgment of sentimentality.Personal judgment may not always be reliable,but this procedure can not be abandoned because it is very convenient.So that is why everybody uses it.You can not mix the two data.You can only use one,either corpus-data or introspective.16What do we contrast or compare?nCan we improve our linguistic competence without systematically comparing our mother tongue and the target language?nFirst,we must understand the meaning of a word while learning a foreign language.nSecond,we must learn its grammar while learning a foreign language.nThird,we should also be familiar with other aspects of language,such as semantics and pragmatics.nFinally,we should know the target culture while learning a foreign language.17Contrastive analysis on lexical levelnAs Swedish linguist Ferdinand de Saussure says,“Language is a system of mutually dependent lexical item,whose value can only be acquired from other lexical items.For example,the value of the word“bachelor”can only be generated from spinster,woman,and husband.”nThere are some collocations that are taken for granted.Now take“salary”as an example:a big/high salary/fat salary a comfortable salary/a handsome salary low salaries/a small salary a modest salary 18Contrastive Analysis on Syntactic LevelnHumboldt,a German linguist,says that any sentence in any language has two levels:one is logic and the other is grammar.Chinese language has much more coincidence in logic and grammar and it is more based on logic.nThere are many differences between Chinese and English in syntax.They are as follows:hypotactic(主从的)vs.paratactic（并列的）,grammatical principle vs.semantic principle subordination vs.coordination grammatical word order vs.pragmatic word order non-pro-drop vs.pro-drop（主语脱落）19nTake pro-drop and non-pro-drop as an example,Question:开门了吗？Answer:开了 。n发现了错误，一定要改正。Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.n看树看果实，看人看作为。A tree is known by its fruit,and a man is known by his action.20nSince English is a sort of analytical and grammatical language,it is more strict,stringent and definite even in agentless passive sentences.However,Chinese is quite different from English.It is vague,and depends heavily on context and semantics rather than on grammar.nSince Chinese has no morphology,it is necessary for English learners of L2 Chinese to have the knowledge of pragmatics when understanding Chinese grammar.Otherwise,it will cause ambiguity or misunderstanding in meaning.21Contrastive Analysis on Macroscopic LevelnThe difference between microscopic CA and macroscopic CA is that microscopic CA focuses on phonology,lexis,grammar,etc.while macroscopic CA focuses on text,and discourse.nWhat is text?n Text is not limited by its form;it can be spoken or written or even a prose or poem.In a word,text is a semantic unit of expressing ideas.22nExample:In summary,there are two differences in the component of connection in English discourse and Chinese discourse：one is visible and invisible connection,and the other is the way of making pauses in sentences（断句）.nThere were few earthly things more beautiful than a university,said Masefield.He did not refer to spires and towers,campus greens and ivied walls.He admired the splendid beauty of the university,because it was a place where those who hate ignorance may strive to learn,and those who know the truth may strive to make others see.n世间没有什么事物比大学更美好的，梅斯菲尔德写道。他不是指高耸的塔尖、巍峨的高楼，也不是指绿树成荫的校园和爬满了常春藤的围墙。他赞美大学辉煌的美是因为那是痛恨愚昧的人孜孜求知之所，领悟真理的人诲人不倦之处。23nGenerally,English and Chinese appear to have the logical characteristics of direct structure and spiral structure respectively.This is because English focuses on analytical way of thinking while Chinese on synthetic one.nIn conclusion,contrastive analysis plays an important role in foreign language teaching,because by analyzing the differences between English and Chinese can help students learn foreign language better,and there are other aspects we can contrast,such as differences on rhetoric and pragmatic level.24