英语词汇的来源和发展第二讲市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

第二讲第二讲英语词汇起源及最新发展英语词汇起源及最新发展The origin of English The origin of English language and its language and its developmentdevelopmentPresented by:Presented by:LI HuifengLI Huifeng第1页英语词汇起源及最新发展英语词汇起源 英语谱系关系 英语发展阶段 英语各种词源成份英语词汇最新发展 英语词汇发展原因 英语词汇发展路径 英语词汇发展前景第2页英语词汇起源英语词汇起源:英语谱系关系:英语发展阶段:古英语(Old English)时期 中古英语(Middle English)时期 当代英语(Modern English)时期 英语各种词源成份:本族语 native 法语 French 拉丁语 Latin 希腊语 Greek 汉语 Chinese第3页英语谱系关系语言学研究方法:共时语言学(synchronic linguistics)和历时语言学(diachronic linguistics)语言分类法:类型分类法(typological classification)和谱系分类法(genetic classification)类型分类法(依据语言语法结构特点):词根语,粘着语,综合语和多式综合语 谱系分类法(依据语言共同起源和“亲属关系”):汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan),印欧语系(Indo-European),闪含语系(Semito-Hamitic),班图语系(Bantu),乌拉尔语系(Uralic),阿尔泰语系(Altaic),马来-波利尼亚语系(Malayo-Polynesian),印第安语系(Indian)等.“亲属关系”:有亲属关系关系语言是指从同一“原始语”(parent language)分化出来一些语言,他们在基本词汇和语法结构上有显著共同点.第4页英语谱系关系印欧语系是世界上最主要语系之一,包含大约一百种语言,是从公元前4,5前后生活在中亚草原游牧部落亚利安人(Aryans)传下来.印欧语系主要语族有:印度-伊朗语族(Indo-Iranian group):包含伊朗波斯语(Persian),印度梵语(Sanskirt)-以后发展为印地语(Hindi),乌尔都语(Urdu)和孟加拉语(Bengali),还有吉普赛人语言(the languages of the Gypsies).亚美尼亚语族(Armenian):当代亚美尼亚语.斯拉夫语族(Slavic):包含俄语(Russian),波兰语(Polish).古希腊语族(Hellenic):当代希腊语(Greek).意大利语族(Italic):拉丁语(Latin)以及欧洲各地罗曼语言(Romance languages)-法语,意大利语,西班牙语,葡萄牙语,罗马尼亚语等.凯尔特语族(Celtic):包含盖尔语(Gaelic),威尔士语(Welsh)和布列塔尼语(Briton)等.阿尔巴尼亚语族(Albanian):当代阿尔巴尼亚语.日耳曼语族(Germanic):包含英语,德语,荷兰语(Dutch),依地语(Yiddish)和斯堪那维亚各国语言(the Scandinavian languages).第5页英语谱系关系 日耳曼语在公元开始前分为三个语支:东日耳曼语支:现已不复存在哥特语(Gothic)西日耳曼语支西日耳曼语支:包含高地德语(High German),低地德语和英语(Low German),和北日耳曼语支:包含斯堪那维亚各国语言第6页英语发展阶段(古英语)古英语(Old English)时期(又称盎格鲁撒克逊时期the Anglo-Saxon Period):公元450-11 公元830,阿尔弗烈德(Alfred the Great)统一了整个苏格兰地域.方言较多,如:西撒克逊语(West Saxon),肯特语(Kentish),摩西亚语(Mercian),北恩布瑞安语(Northumbrian)等.日耳曼语族特点:构词法上(复正当),复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位(如:Beowullf).基督教传入:拉丁词进入英语;北欧入侵:斯堪那维亚各国词语进入英语.第7页英语发展阶段(古英语)The Old English Period(Anglo-Saxon):roughly 450-1150Characteristics:a.pronunciation different b.vocabulary:Teutonic c.a language full inflections第8页英语发展阶段(中古英语)中古英语(Middle English)时期:公元1100-1500 年 公元1066年,诺曼征服(The Norman Conquest)公元1476年,卡克斯顿(William Caxton)把印刷术传入英国 词尾改变大多消失,名词性也消失了,词序,虚词和雨点成为表示句子结构关系主要伎俩.词汇方面改变:大批法语词涌入,改变了复正当结构新词主要伎俩,直接引进借词法,为日后希腊语词,拉丁语词进入英语铺平了道路.一些法语和拉丁语词缀被英语化(Anglicized),如:前缀dis-,en-,inter-,mal-,non-,pre-,re-,semi-,sub-;后缀 able,-acy,-age,-al,-ancy/ency,-ate,-ory,-ance,-ant/-ent,-ician,-ise/-ize第9页英语发展阶段(中古英语)C1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English.1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools.1362 English replaces French as language of law.English is used in Parliament for the first time.C1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales.C 1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins.第10页英语发展阶段(中古英语)The Middle English Period:1150-1500 characteristics of Middle English:a.resembling Modern English more b.vocabulary differing from that of Old English c.Grammatical gender completely replaced by natural gender第11页英语发展阶段(当代英语)当代英语(Modern English)时期:公元1500-乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer,约1340-1400):英语成为成熟文学语言 1700前前当代英语,1700后后当代英语 文艺复兴运动 拉丁语和希腊语传入英语,成为书面语和术语词基本部分.如:climax,appendix,exterior,axis(保留原来形式);consult-consultare(拉),exclusion-exclusioneum(拉),exotic-exoticus(拉)(失去词尾);改变词尾使之适合英语形式,如:形容词词尾-us()变为-ous(conspicuous)或变为-al(external),名词词尾 tas变为-ty(celerity).工业革命 全球各地语言进入英语:波斯语:harem 商队,bizaar市场,shawl 披肩;土耳其语:kiosk 凉亭,coffee咖啡;日语:soy 酱油;马来语:orang-outang 猩猩,paddy 稻.构词法方面:截短词和混合词快速增加.第一部有影响英语大词典:1755,约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)编纂(The Dictionary of the English Language),对词语标准化起了主动作用.第12页英语发展阶段(当代英语)1467 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press.1564-1616 Shakespeares period 1604 Table Alphabeticall,the first English dictionary,is published.1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New World(Jamestown)is established.1623 Shakespeares First Folio is published.第13页英语发展阶段(当代英语)1702 The First daily English-language newspaper,The Daily Courant,is published in London.1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary.1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence.1782 Britain abandons its American colonies.第14页英语发展阶段(当代英语)1828 Webster published his American English dictionary.1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded.1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published.第15页英语 EnglishAdvantages:Born in a rich family(Germanic)BorrowingDisadvantages:Inconsistency between spelling and pronunciationToo many synonymsToo many set phrases第16页英语各种词源成份(origin analysis:native)印欧语系共同成份:表示远古人类生活最基本方面词.如:1.家庭组员:father,mother brother,sister2.居所:door,thatch,timber3.牲畜:goat,goose,hound,sow,cow,ox,ewe,herd4.迁徙:wagon,yoke,wheel,nave,axle4.季节:spring,summer,winter5.动植物:tree,birch,beaver,mouse,wolf,corn grain,furrow,bean,meal,salt,fish第17页英语各种词源成份(native)日耳曼共同成份:(p.291)1.家庭生活:bowl,broth(汤),dough(面团),knead(揉面),quern(小型手推磨),home,house,loaf,borough,king,earl2.商业:cheap,buy,ware,worth3.金属:gold,silver,lead,tin,iron,steel4.海洋:cliff,island,sea,sound,strand,whale,seal,mew,ship,steer,sail,fowl,wheat5.其它:book,learn,lore,write第18页英语各种词源成份(native)盎格鲁-撒克逊成份:(p.292)1.人体:hand,foot,arm,eye,ear,chin,heart,bone2.自然界:land,mead,meadow,field,ford,earth,wood,hedge,hill3.住所:bower,yard,stool,floor4.时间:sun,moon,day,month,year5.动植物:beech,oak,ash,elm,horse,mare,sheep,lamb,deer,swine,hen,dog,bear6.惯用形容词:white,deep,dark,glad,sorry,bitter,sweet7.惯用动词和助动词:drive,ride,rise,shall,may,will,do第19页High Frequency Vocabulary 5000NativeFrenchLatinOthersTop 100083%11%2%4%34%46%11%9%300029%46%14%11%400027%45%17%11%500027%47%17%9%第20页英语各种词源成份(French)以诺曼征服为起点中古英语时期,约有一万多法语词进入英语,其中75%流传至今仍在使用.(p.294)Since Norman Conquest,over 10,000 French words have been borrowed and 75%remained alive.1.英国政府和行政管理:Government,administer,prerogative,authority2.宗教:Religion,theology,confession3.法律:justice,fine,attorney,defendant4.军事:army,ambush,siege,sergeant5.生活:fashion,garment,lace,collar6.颜色:blue,scarlet7.其它:brochure,rouge,literature,prestige,Renaissance第21页英语各种词源成份(Latin)早期Pre-era:(p.297)家庭用具:dish,cup,pepper,street,oil,turnip,vinegar古英语时期Old-English:地名:Chester,Manchester,Lancaster 宗教:creed,pope,priest,shrine中古英语时期 Middle-English:专门术语:contempt,gesture,immune,mediator,simile,substitute文艺复兴之后Post-Renaissance:国际性语言:education,esteem,benevolent,appeal第22页英语各种词源成份(Greece)希腊文化早于罗马文化,很多拉丁词语源自希腊语,所以英语中希腊语成份主要是经过拉丁语作为媒介而传入.1.医学术语:hepatitis(肝炎),neurology(神经病学),phlebotomy(静脉切开放血术)2.Science 科学来自拉丁语,technology技术来自希腊语3.拉丁语和希腊语词根词缀:humaneness(拉丁语词+英语后缀),concurrently(拉丁语词根+英语后缀),postwar(拉丁语前缀+英语词根),infra-red(拉丁语前缀+英语词根),第23页英语各种词源成份(Scandinavian)公元790年开始,斯堪那维亚人入侵英国并在英国大批定居,许多斯堪那维亚各族语言词语渗透英语词汇,当代英语中约有900 个斯堪那维亚语言单词和构词成份.英语中黛西和连接词:they,them,their,both,same,though 日常生活:anger,bull,cake,calf,crook,egg,fellow,awkward,flat,happy,ill 英语中带有-sk-,ke-/或ki-单词第24页英语各种词源成份(other languages in European)意大利语成份 Italian(most through French):音乐:Violin,opera,trill,tenor 其它:Balcony,design,granite,stanza盖尔特语成份 Celts:影响较小:bin,whiskey,crag,blarney,cairn,plaid,slogan,Tory,地名:Kent,Cornwall,Salisbury,Exeter 山川,河流:Avon,Exe,Esk,Dover,The Thames德语成份German(参看:p.303):金属矿石:cobalt,Swindler,quartz,Zinc,Nickel 其它:plunder,through,translation,homesickness,one-sided,class,struggle,world,market,Fahrenheit,第25页英语各种词源成份(Chinese)英语语言史学家莫让森(M.S.Serjeantson)在(A History of English Foreign Words)记载:十七世纪前Pre-17 century:silk,li,litchi,galingale,ginseng,tea,chaa 17-18世纪:17-18 century:ketchup 19世纪:19 century:kowtow,oolong 20世纪:20 century:mao-tai,peking duck,Red Guard 藏语From Tibetan:Iama,Dalai-lama,yak第26页汉语对英语影响(Influence of Chinese)Long time no see 很久不见 Boxer 义和团组员 Double Ten 双十节 gang of four 四人帮 one country with two systems 一国两制 Red Guard 红卫兵 Big leap forward大跃进第27页英语词汇最新发展(Rapid growth of English vocabulary)英语词汇发展原因:科学技术进步Science&technology 社会政治经济文化改变Socio-economic,political and cultural changes英语词汇发展路径:构词法组成新词Creation(by word-formation)词义改变Semantic change(by adding new meaning to existing words)借词Borrowing(by borrowing words from other languages)第28页科技进步 宇宙探索Exploration of space(参看:p.322):moonfall,moonwalk,moonquake,moonscape,space suit,space shutter,space station,lander,black hole生态学 Ecology:environmentalist,ecocide,ecocrisis,air pollution,noise pollution,thermal pollution,visual pollution,cultural pollution,spiritual pollution,graffiti pollution,eco-friendly,environment-friendly,green product,green wealth新词 new words:lasercomp,fax,laser printer,camcorder,pressure cooker,deepfreeze第29页科技进步 电脑技术Computer science:software,hardware,input,output,memory,on line,to process,internet cafeteria,online communication,e-mail,cyberspace,data base,programming,virtual communities其它 Others:transgenic products,clone,nanotechnology,behavior science,bulletin train,instant coffee,bionics,sociolinguistics,container ship,green revolution第30页社会政治经济文化改变收入差异 Income gap:income inequality,economic inequality,wealth disparity,economic polarization,downsizing,layoff,second career,knowledge workers,cross functional,Euro,credit card,globalization“门事件”gate:Watergate(a political scandal),Irangate,Camillagate,computerspeak,netspeak,artspeak,biz-speak,college-speak,newspeak,oldspeak,Clintonspeak 第31页社会政治经济文化改变电视节目TV program:TV dinner,megavitamin,soy milk,discotheque,soul music,rock music,folk music,talk shows,CD(compact discs),VCD(video compact disk),open classroom,open university,distance education性别sex:Chairperson,chariwoman,spokewomen,saleswoman,feminism,sexism(the womens liberation movement);sit-in,black power(the civil rights movement);teach-in(the campaign against the Vietnam War)第32页社会政治经济文化改变代 generation:The lost generation,the beat generation,the X generation,hippies,yippies,yuppies,baby boomers,the Vietnam generation.第三世界The Third World(developing countries,undeveloped countries),the Fourth World,shuttle diplomacy,trade war,psywar第33页构词法组成新词词缀(p.330):Super-:supermarket,superpower,supermodel,super-rich Anti-:antihero,antiparticle,antifebrile,antifreeze,antifat,antipollution -holic:workholic,teleholic movie-holic,colahlic,beerholic -cast:newscast,sportscast,colourcast类比构词word-formation by analogy:bulldozer-calfdozer,birds eye-fish eye-worms eye,sunrise-moonrise,user-friendly-listener-friendly对比构词word-formation by contrast:boycott-girl-cott,baby boom-baby bust,nightmare-daymare,blacklist-whitelist复合构词:Alpha geek,soccer mom,theme park,fat farm,laundry list缩略构词:AI,COBOL,FORTRAN,ASCII,VCD,APS 外来语:chutzpah,schlock,nebbish,schlepp第34页 词义改变旧词新义 Mouse 老鼠-鼠标 Escalate 逐步升级-escalating price/costs物价快速上升/开支急剧增加旧词意义扩大 recovery 恢复-溅落宇航员载回和舰载机返航降落 Rendezvous 见面-宇宙飞船会合 Renewal 更新-城市重建 Babysit 替人暂时照看孩子(look after babies while their parents are away)替人暂时照看东西(look after something while their owners are away)专有名词普通化(参看:p.334)第35页Thank you第36页