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时时时时 态态态态 1/42一一.什么叫时态什么叫时态?在英语中,发生在不一样时间谓语动作或状态要用不同谓语动词形式表示;有时候,发生在同一时间谓语动作或状态,因为说话者所强调方面不一样,也要用不一样谓语动词形式表示.这里所说不一样谓语动词形式就是我们常说不一样谓语时态.二二.时态跟时间状语相关时态跟时间状语相关1.普通现在时(often/always/sometimes/usually/occasionally/at present/every morning)Children usually pick up foreign languages very quickly.Every day she is the last to leave the office.组成法:is/am/are,do/does2/42 2.普通过去时(often/always/occasionally/5 days ago/last week/5 days later/after 5 days/the year before last/on July 1,1986)Often I did not see Papa until the evening.He always went to work on foot.I was born in July,1987.3.普通未来时(in future/in the future/from now on /soon/in 5 years/next year/in the 22nd century)In future,well pay more attention to the protection of our environment.My father will be back home in a few days.组成法:动词过去式组成法:will/shall +动词原形(“is/am/are to+动词原形”或“is/am/are going to+动词原形”)3/424.过去未来时(soon/in a few days/the next week)John told me that he would go abroad the next day.The government promised that help would come soon.5.现在进行时(now/just now/at the moment)She is feeding the baby right now.6.过去进行时(then/at 10 yesterday morning/this time yesterday/at that time)What were you doing this time yesterday evening?组成法:would/should+动词原形组成法:is/am/are+动词现在分词组成法:was/were+动词现在分词4/427.未来进行时(this time tomorrow/at 8 next Monday/when your plane lands at the airport of Shanghai)When your plane lands at the airport of Shanghai,we will still be sleeping.8.现在完成时(for ten years/since five years ago/since they got married/so far/in the past few days/in the last 3 years/in recent years)So far,nothing has been done to stop polluting the river.Things have changed in recent weeks.Mum has been ill for several days.组成法:will/shall be+动词现在分词组成法:has/have+动词过去分词5/429.过去完成时(for many years/since he was born/by /by the time World War II broke out/a few years before)By six oclock,they had worked twelve hours.By the time he came back,I had gone to bed.When he woke up,everything had changed.10.未来完成时(by the end of this year/by the time I graduate from college )By the time I graduate from college,I shall have stayed in Wuhan for four years.组成法:had+动词过去分词组成法:will/shall have+动词过去分词6/4211.现在完成进行时(for two hours/since 5 oclock this morning)I have been waiting for you since 5 oclock this morning.12.过去完成进行时(for a long time/since 1999)How long had it been raining before you shut the window?组成法:has/have been+动词现在分词组成法:had been+动词现在分词 7/42三三.几个轻易用错时态使用方法比较几个轻易用错时态使用方法比较 在英语实际应用中在英语实际应用中,并非都会出现前面提到时间状并非都会出现前面提到时间状语帮你决定谓语用什么时态语帮你决定谓语用什么时态.对谓语时态考查主要对谓语时态考查主要是经过语境来进行是经过语境来进行.下面我们来分析、比较几个轻易用下面我们来分析、比较几个轻易用错时态错时态.1.普经过去时与过去进行时使用方法比较普经过去时与过去进行时使用方法比较 Yesterday afternoon,he me a picture in oils.Now let me show it to you.(强调paint这一动作过去已做过.即:画已画好.)Yesterday afternoon,he me a picture.Now I m going to see whether he has finished it.(强调paint这一动作过去在进行,但未交代是否已做完)paintedwas painting8/42 -Why didnt you answer my phone call last night?-Sorry,but I _ a bath.A.took B.had taken C.was taking D.was going to take2.普通现在时与现在进行时使用方法比较 Jane washes her own clothes.(指通常衣服都是她自己洗)Jane is washing her own clothes in the bathroom.(强调暂时性,未完成,且未交代平时衣服是否自己洗)The manager is kind to us all.(指经理一贯态度)The manager is being kind to us all now.(强调暂时性态度,表示平时对我们大家并不善良)C9/42 3.普通过去时与过去完成时使用方法比较 客人们昨天已经离开上海.The guests left Shanghai yesterday.(说明left发生在昨天)他说客人们已经离开上海.He said the guests had left Shanghai.(强调had left发生在said之前,即:过去过去)All the guests had left Shanghai by yesterday.(既然是截止到昨天,那就说明是在包含昨天在内以前 已经陆续“离开”)10/424.普通过去时与现在完成时使用方法比较 Oh,my God!I cant get in.I _ my key.But I dont know when and where I _ it.have lost /lost /had lost /must lose (前一个空用现在完成时强调“丢失”对现在造成影响:没有找到,无法进门;后一句则强调“丢失”是在过去何时 何地发生.)四四.时态替换时态替换 1.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,要用普通时代替将 来时,即:用普通现在时代替普通未来时,用普通过去时 代替过去未来时,用现在进行时代替未来进行时,用现 在完成时代替未来完成时.have lostlost11/42 Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.-Dont allow him to watch TV unless he has finished his homework.-OK.If he is watching TV but hasnt finished his homework,Ill turn off the TV.时间状语从句引导词:the moment,as soon as,when,before,after,until条件状语从句引导词:once,in case,on condition that,if,unless,as long as注意:当if表示“是否”代替whether和 when表示“何时”时,不能用普通时代替未来时.Ill tell her about it when she comes back.(时状从句)I wont tell you when she will come back.(宾语从句)12/42 2.no matter加疑问词以及疑问词与ever组成合成词引 出从句中,要用普通现在时代替普通未来时.Wherever you go,you will get a warm welcome.3.有部分动词(主要是短暂性动作动词)能够用进行时代替 未来时,即:用现在进行时代替普通未来时,用过去进行时 代替过去未来时.(也可用未来时)Are you doing anything special this evening?=Are you going to do anything special this evening?Im afraid hes dying soon.=Im afraid hell die soon.I was told that she was leaving for New York the next day.=I was told she would leave for New York the next day.13/42 4.在以下短语后面从句中惯用普通现在时代替普通将 来时:make sure,make certain,see to it,be sure等.Please see to it that all the windows are closed before leaving the lab.5.凡是按预定时间表将要发生动作也可用普通现在时代 替普通未来时,比如:汽车、火车、轮船、飞机、上下课 等.(也可用普通未来时)His plane takes off at 11:30.Lets hurry and see him off.6.含有always谓语用现在进行时代替普通现在时,表示 反感、反对、赞扬、观赏等感情色彩.She is always throwing her things around.14/42五五.两个特殊句型时态两个特殊句型时态 1.在先行词被形容词最高级修饰定语从句中,要用完成 时.He is the cleverest student I have ever taught.She thought that was the best film she had ever seen.2.在先行词是 the first/second time 定语从句中,也要 用完成时.This is the third time I have visited the museum.That was the second time he had been there.15/42六六.值得注意两点值得注意两点 1.普通来说,只有延续性动作动词才有进行时态(包含现在 进行时、过去进行时、未来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时),假如短暂性动作动词、终止性动词和 状态动词用在进行时态中,则不表示动作正在进行,而是 表示未来或别含义.I was told that she was leaving for New York the next day.The manager is being kind to us all now.(强调暂时性态度,表示平时对我们大家并不善良)2.只有延续性动作动词和状态动词才能够与表示一段时间 状语(如:for 3 days,since last November)连用.She has caught a bad cold for a couple of days.has had16/42被动语态当我们不知道谁是动作执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作执行者时，或者只需强调动作承受者时，要用被动语态。17/42Football is played all over the world.A camera is used for taking photos.A bank was robbed yesterday.A man-made satellite was sent up into space last year.The tree must be planted on the ground.The ground will be covered with trees in a few years time.They will be sent to the hospital right now.A talk will be given soon.The earth is being dug now.The food has been eaten up already.Look and find out the similarities(相同点相同点):18/42Conclusion:Conclusion:（一）（一）普通现在时 amis are+vt.p.p.普通过去时 waswere+vt.p.p.普通未来时 will bebe going to be+vt.p.p.情态动词 aux.v.(mustcancouldmay+be+vt.p.p.)现在进行时 be(am、is、are)+being+vt.p.p.现在完成时 havehas+been+vt.p.p.被动语态组成：被动语态组成：be+vt.p.p.被动语态：被动语态：主语主语是动作是动作承受者承受者。当我们不知道谁是动作执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作执行者时，或者只需强调动作承受者时，要用被动语态。19/42Conclusion:Conclusion:主动语态怎样改成被动语态？主动语态怎样改成被动语态？1.主动语态宾语改成被动语态主语。2.主动语态谓语动词改成被动语态谓语动词。do3.注意保持时态和人称一致。4.带双宾谓语动词有两种改法。当把直接宾语改成主语时，谓语动词后必须加适当介词:to for.如：givebe given to 这类动词还有：pass show send 再如：buybe bought for 这类动词还有：make draw cook mend5.一些动词不定式在主动语态中省略to作宾语补足语，改成被动语态时，to必须还原必须还原。（二）（二）be done注注:1.不及物动词（vi.)不用被动语态不用被动语态。如:happen、take place、appear、disappear20/42e.g.A traffic accident _(happen)just now.happened2.连系动词（Link.v.)不用被动语态不用被动语态。如：be、look、seem、feel、sound、smell、taste、get、turn、become e.g.Peking Opera _(sound)beautiful.sounds 3.当此动词表示事物自然属性时候，不用被动语态不用被动语态。e.g.The pen _(write)very fast.writesThis kind of sweater _(sell)well.sells21/42Multiple Choice:1.()If the work _,you can go and play games.A.finished B.has finished C.will be finished D.is finished 2.()It was raining heavily outside,the children were made _ in the classroom.4.()To make our city more beautiful,rubbish _ into the river.A.neednt be thrown B.mustnt be thrown C.cant throw D.may not throw5.()I like my bike.It _ very well.A.rides B.is riding C.is ridden D.has riddenDBBA 3.()Kate _ the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.A.has written B.was written C.had written D.is writing A.stay B.to stay C.staying D.stayedC22/426.()I wont come to the party unless Tom _,too.You mean if Tom comes,youll come.8.()The children must _.9.()The woman still doesnt know what _ in her hometown DDBA.will invite B.invites C.invited D.is invited7.()Everyone who heard Mr.Greens story _ it.A.laughed at B.was laughed C.laughed D.was laughed atAA.happens B.happened C.will happen D.was happened while he was away.A.look after B.be taken good care C.look the same D.be taken good care of10.()I saw you were on foot this morning.Yes.My bike _.A.is mending B.is being mended C.is mended D.is being mendingB23/42 Fill in the blanks using right forms:1.All the students _(ask)to bring a kite with them last Sunday.2.Are many ways _(try)to stop people from cutting down so many trees?3.What are on show in the museum?Some photos _(take)by American children.4.This coat _(wash)well.9.Have you found your necklace _(偷)last week?6.Im often _(警告）not to copy others homework.7.He couldnt explain why dinosaurs _(消失).8.Ill have my bike _(修理)tomorrow.5.Must the old people _(speak)to politely?10.The PRC was _(成立)on October 1,1949.were asked triedtakenwashesbe spokenwarneddisappearedmendedrepairedstolenfounded24/42The subjunctive mood 25/42 一、一、虚拟语气在非条件句中虚拟语气在非条件句中虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主句主句与现在事实相反假设If+主语+动词过去式（动词be用were)主语主语+should,would,might,could动词原形动词原形与过去相反假设If+主语主语+had+过去分词过去分词主语主语should,would,might,couldhave+过去分词过去分词与未来相反假设1、If+主语主语+动词过去式动词过去式2、If+主语主语+were to+动词原形动词原形3、If+主语主语+should+动词原形动词原形主语主语should,would,might,could动词原形动词原形26/42eg:If I had time,I would attend the meeting.If he had hurried,he could have caught the train.If I were to go abroad,I would go to America.假如我是你，我就会努力学习假如我是你，我就会努力学习假如我知道他电话号码，我就给他打电话了假如我知道他电话号码，我就给他打电话了假如明天下雨话，我们会取消比赛假如明天下雨话，我们会取消比赛If I were you,I would work harder at my lessons.If I had known his telephone number,I would have called him.If it should were to rain,we would call off the match.More practice:27/42使用虚拟条件句要注意几点：使用虚拟条件句要注意几点：当条件状语从句表示行为和主句表示行为所发当条件状语从句表示行为和主句表示行为所发生时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句生时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词，动词形式要依据它所表示时间作出对应调整形式要依据它所表示时间作出对应调整If you had followed my advice,you would be better now.If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.假如你听我提议，你现在就会痊愈了假如你听我提议，你现在就会痊愈了假如你努力学习话，你现在就会是大学生了假如你努力学习话，你现在就会是大学生了28/42省略句省略句 在条件句中，可省略在条件句中，可省略 if，把，把were,had,should 提到句首，提到句首，变为倒装句式变为倒装句式If I were at school again,I would study harder.Were I at school again,I would study harder.If you had come earlier,you would have met him.Had you come earlier,you would have met him.If it should rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing.注意：若省略条件句中谓语动词是否定式，不能用动词缩略形注意：若省略条件句中谓语动词是否定式，不能用动词缩略形式如我们能够说式如我们能够说 Were it not for expense,I would go abroad now.不能够说不能够说Werent it for the expense,29/42、用介词短语代替条件状语从句惯用介词有、用介词短语代替条件状语从句惯用介词有with,without,but for 等。如：等。如：What would you do with a million dollars(=If you had a million dollars)?We could not have finished the work ahead of time without your help(=if we hadnt got your help).But for the rain(=If it hadnt been for the rain),we would have finished the work.30/42、含蓄条件句。、含蓄条件句。有时为了表示需要，在虚拟语气中并不是总是出有时为了表示需要，在虚拟语气中并不是总是出现现if引导条件句，而是经过其它伎俩来代替条件句。引导条件句，而是经过其它伎俩来代替条件句。I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）He telephoned to inform me of you birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）I might have given you more help,but I was too busy.（连词）Everything taken into consideration,they would have raised their output quickly.（独立主格）31/42I would buy the book,but I have not enough money.I would have bought the book,but I didnt have enough money.I havent enough money,otherwise I would buy the book.I didnt have enough money,otherwise I would have bought the book.我会买那本书，但我现在没有钱我会买那本书，但我现在没有钱我会买那本书，但我当初没有钱我会买那本书，但我当初没有钱我没有足够钱不然我会买那本书我没有足够钱不然我会买那本书32/42二、虚拟语气在名词从句中利用二、虚拟语气在名词从句中利用用于宾语从句用于宾语从句、wish 用于后面宾语从句中。用于后面宾语从句中。用于后面宾语从句普通用虚拟语气，表示一个不可能实现用于后面宾语从句普通用虚拟语气，表示一个不可能实现愿望。愿望。其谓语动词形式为：其谓语动词形式为：表现在过去时表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表过去过去完成时表未来表未来would,might,could动词原形动词原形I wish(that)I were a bird.I wish(that)I had seen the film last night.I wish(that)I wouldcould go.希望我能去希望我能去33/422.用于表示命令、提议、要求等一类词后面宾语从句。用于表示命令、提议、要求等一类词后面宾语从句。insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,require,request,demand,desire etc.一坚持；二命令；三提议；四要求一坚持；二命令；三提议；四要求We suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.They insisted that the boy(should)go with them.注意：注意：suggest 当表示当表示“暗示、表明暗示、表明“讲时，讲时，insist 表示表示”坚持坚持认为认为“之意时，应用陈说语气。之意时，应用陈说语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.他脸上表情表明他对我们工作很满意他脸上表情表明他对我们工作很满意那个人坚持说他没有偷钱那个人坚持说他没有偷钱34/42用于主语从句中用于主语从句中 1.It is necessaryimportantstrangenaturalimpossible/surprising/a pity+that从句。从句中谓语动词用从句。从句中谓语动词用should+动词原动词原形，形，should能够省略。能够省略。2.It is suggesteddesired/ordered/requested/demanded thatIt is necessary that you(should)clean the room after work.It is important that he(should)work harder at his lessons.It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.It is ordered that the work(should)be done at once.35/42should表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等情绪，作表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等情绪，作“竟然竟然”解，解，should可省略。可省略。句型：句型：It is surprising/a pity/strange that.It is a pity that he should be so careless.真可惜他竟然如此粗心真可惜他竟然如此粗心It is strange that he should have left without saying good-bye.他离开时没有说再见是很奇怪他离开时没有说再见是很奇怪注意：以上句型也可用陈说语气注意：以上句型也可用陈说语气It is strange that he didnt come yesterday.It is a pity that you cant dance.I am surprised that he _ to help me when I needed it most.A.should refuse B.would have refused C.should have refused C36/42 在在suggestion/proposal/order/plan/advice/idea/request 等名词后表语和同位语从句中要用等名词后表语和同位语从句中要用“should动词原形动词原形”should能够省略能够省略用语表语从句和同位语从句用语表语从句和同位语从句My idea is that we(should)think it over before accepting it.My suggestion that we(should)have a meeting has been accepted by others.We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting(should)be put off.37/42 It is(high/about)time that从句中谓语动从句中谓语动词用过去式或词用过去式或should动词原形，动词原形，should不能不能省略省略三、虚拟语气在其它从句中三、虚拟语气在其它从句中It is high time that you went /should go to school.If only 引导感叹句（要是该有多好啊引导感叹句（要是该有多好啊If only I knew the answer!If only I had seen the film yesterday!would rather+从句动词用过去式从句动词用过去式I would rather you told me the truth.我宁愿你告诉我真相我宁愿你告诉我真相38/42 as if(as though)看起来用过去式或过去完成时表虚拟看起来用过去式或过去完成时表虚拟even if(even though)即使即使He treats/treated the boy as if he were his own son.He speaks/spoke as if he had known about itEven if he were here,he could not solve the problem.Even if I had been busy then,I would have helped you.注意注意：as if/as though从句虚拟语气动词不受主句动词从句虚拟语气动词不受主句动词支配主从句同时，用过去式；从句先，主句后用过去支配主从句同时，用过去式；从句先，主句后用过去完成时完成时39/42If it were not for If it had not been for 要是没有要是没有 If it were not for the rain,the crop would die.If it had not been for your help,I wouldnt have made so much progress.在口语交际中虚拟语气省略情况在口语交际中虚拟语气省略情况若普通过去时只保留若普通过去时只保留did,could,were等助动词、情态动词或等助动词、情态动词或系动词。系动词。若是过去完成时，只保留若是过去完成时，只保留had若是过去未来时只保留若是过去未来时只保留would,might-Have you found the answer to the question?-I wish I had.I cant go to Beijing with you,but I wish I would.40/42在在In case和和 for fear that“万一；惟恐万一；惟恐”引引导状语导状语 从句中，谓语动词多用从句中，谓语动词多用 should+动词动词原形原形Take an umbrella in case it should rain/rains.In case I should fail,I would try again.I darent tell you what he did for fear that he should be angry with.41/42Choose the best answer:1.It is strange that the little boy _ speak two foreign languages.2.A.could b.
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