cultural-diversity文化冲突.ppt

Theme 3Cultural Diversity1 1 Definition Cultural diversity does not refer only to ethnic diversity,it can be diversity in beliefs,gender,ability,sexual orientation,behavior,etc.In other words,a truly diverse culture accommodates both the mainstream and the alternative.2 MovieMy Big Fat Greek Wedding3 3 Try to understand(1):Toulas father takes great pride in being Greek.How do you know?Toula and her younger brother want to break away from their Greek heritage.How do you know?Toula sends her daughter to Greek school even if she herself disliked it very much when she was a girl.Why?4 Try to understand(2):What kind of family does Ian come from?“Family”in the Greek sense refers to the extended family,while to older Americans it is limited to the immediate family.How do the parents of both side react to the romance between Toula and Ian?What does it take to bring the story to a happy ending?5 Project Questions(1)Identify the“key success factors”in this cross-ethnicity marriage,and explain why.Should we keep ethic food/clothing/housing/habits or should we embrace globalization?In other words,is cultural diversity necessary?What is Chinas image in the world?Do we need to improve it?If so,how?What do you think of the Chinese elements in Western movies?6 Project Questions(2)Compare the merits and demerits of the French Compare the merits and demerits of the French and British approaches toward ethnic diversity.and British approaches toward ethnic diversity.Which do you think is used or should be used in Which do you think is used or should be used in China?China?Why was the ban on headscarves proposed in Why was the ban on headscarves proposed in France in the first place?What were peopleFrance in the first place?What were people s s reactions?Surf online to find out more.reactions?Surf online to find out more.What do you know of ethnic issues in China?What do you know of ethnic issues in China?7 The issue:Should we all be the sameor different?-Within a country:assimiliation or diversity-In the world:globalization or localization8 Time,April 1990Cover story-Americas Changing Colors-“the browning of America”9 “someday soon,white Americans will become a minority group”How soon?10 By 2056,most Americans will trace their origins to“Africa,Asia,the Hispanic world,the Pacific Islands,Arabia almost everywhere but white Europe.”11 President Obamas Beer PartyOn July 16,2009,Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates,Jr.,On July 16,2009,Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates,Jr.,returned home from a trip to China to find the door to his returned home from a trip to China to find the door to his house jammed.His driver attempted to help him gain house jammed.His driver attempted to help him gain entrance.Responding to a report of a possible break-in,a entrance.Responding to a report of a possible break-in,a Cambridge police officer,Sgt.James Crowley,arrested Cambridge police officer,Sgt.James Crowley,arrested Gates and charged him with disorderly conduct after a Gates and charged him with disorderly conduct after a confrontation.Prosecutors later dropped the charges.confrontation.Prosecutors later dropped the charges.On July 22,President criticized the arrest and the response On July 22,President criticized the arrest and the response by the police for their having by the police for their having“acted stupidlyacted stupidly”,saying that,saying that there is a long history of minorities being stopped by law there is a long history of minorities being stopped by law enforcement disproportionately.enforcement disproportionately.12 President Obamas Beer Party(2)Law enforcement organizations and members objected to Law enforcement organizations and members objected to Obamas comments and criticized his handling of the issue,Obamas comments and criticized his handling of the issue,saying Sgt.Crowley saying Sgt.Crowley“was only doing his jobwas only doing his job”.In the aftermath,Obama stated that he regretted his In the aftermath,Obama stated that he regretted his comments exacerbated the situation,and hoped that the comments exacerbated the situation,and hoped that the situation could become a situation could become a“teachable momentteachable moment”On July 30,2009,President Obama invited Professor Henry On July 30,2009,President Obama invited Professor Henry Gatesand Sgt.Crowley to join him at the beer party in Gatesand Sgt.Crowley to join him at the beer party in White House.The main aim of this beer party was to help White House.The main aim of this beer party was to help patch things up between Professor Gates and Sgt.Crowley.patch things up between Professor Gates and Sgt.Crowley.13 Discrimination,reverse discrimination,Can a beer patch up all problems?14 Australia Regrets Its Past Policy of AssimilationPrime Minister Kevin Rudd introduced a motion in the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd introduced a motion in the Australian National Parliament on Feb.12,2008,Australian National Parliament on Feb.12,2008,apologizing for past mistreatment of the countrys apologizing for past mistreatment of the countrys Aboriginal population.Aboriginal population.Apology refers to Stolen Generation-Aboriginal children Apology refers to Stolen Generation-Aboriginal children removed from familiesremoved from familiesIt says sorry for the indignity and degradation inflicted on It says sorry for the indignity and degradation inflicted on a proud peoplea proud peopleThe statement promises a new page in the history of our The statement promises a new page in the history of our great continent great continent 15 The Stolen GenerationThe greatest assault on Indigenous cultures and family life was the The greatest assault on Indigenous cultures and family life was the forced separation or taking away of Indigenous children from their forced separation or taking away of Indigenous children from their families.This occurred in every Australian state form the late 1800s families.This occurred in every Australian state form the late 1800s until the practice was officially ended in 1969.During this time as until the practice was officially ended in 1969.During this time as many as 100 000 children were separated from their families.These many as 100 000 children were separated from their families.These children became known as the Stolen Generation.children became known as the Stolen Generation.The separation took three forms:putting Indigenous children into The separation took three forms:putting Indigenous children into government-run institutions;adoption of children by white families;government-run institutions;adoption of children by white families;and the fostering of children into white families.The last two strategies and the fostering of children into white families.The last two strategies were particularly applied to fair-skinned children.were particularly applied to fair-skinned children.These forced separations were part of deliberate policies of These forced separations were part of deliberate policies of assimilation.Their aim was to cut children off from their culture to assimilation.Their aim was to cut children off from their culture to have them raised to think and act as white.have them raised to think and act as white.16 Another Example of Assimilation PolicyStudents will not be allowed to wear conspicuous religious symbols in French public primary and secondary schools.15 March 2004President Jacques Chirac signed the ban into lawBy 2 September 200417 Prevent religion from interfering in government affairs.This ban will help prevent the division of society into ethnic communities,and promote integration into French society.Support for the Ban18 Arguments Against the Ban Shortly after the French government announced its intention to ban religious attire,about 3,000 demonstrators marched in the streets of Paris.A global protest followed in January 2004.19 By October 2004 seven girl students were arrested for disregarding the ban.20 Echoes of French Muslim headscarf debate in Singapore Since its independence,Singapores government does not allow Muslim girls to wear the headscarves at school,a rule designed to promote religious harmony.21 Her education is important and so is religion,but we cannot have one at the expense of the other.22 A Singaporean Muslim girl embroiled in a political controversy over a ban on wearing Islamic headscarves in the islands public schools applied for permanent residency in Australia.23 A Tale of Two“Courses”(1)soup(the melting pot)soup(the melting pot)Melting away the Melting away the“differencesdifferences”(racial bias)and the(racial bias)and the birth of a new race of birth of a new race of manmanTotal assimilation into Total assimilation into the mainstream French the mainstream French societysociety salad saladLaissez-faire multi-Laissez-faire multi-culturalismculturalismIt It s possible to be a s possible to be a good British citizen good British citizen while retaining the while retaining the values,customs,etc of values,customs,etc of his/her originhis/her origin24 A Tale of Two“Courses”(2)Social solidaritySocial solidarityThe French modelThe French modelLack of ethnic visibility Lack of ethnic visibility lily white lily whiteUniformity stifles Uniformity stifles excitement and excitement and innovative thinkinginnovative thinkingDiversityDiversityThe British modelThe British modelExistence of highly Existence of highly concentrated concentrated minorities minorities actual actual segregationsegregationMay breed radicalism May breed radicalism and extremismand extremism25 Both the British and French models are seeing trouble right now.2626 The 2005 Paris Riots27 Paris is torched!On October 27,2005,in an African/Arab On October 27,2005,in an African/Arab immigrant community in suburban Paris,three immigrant community in suburban Paris,three teenage boys entered a substation to escape the teenage boys entered a substation to escape the police,where two of them died of electric shock.police,where two of them died of electric shock.Young jobless people poured into streets to vent Young jobless people poured into streets to vent their anger.their anger.Interior Minister Sarkozy called the rioters scum Interior Minister Sarkozy called the rioters scum and hooligans and hooligans Riots spread to other places in FranceRiots spread to other places in France28 The new French immigration law(approved in June 2006)Aim:control immigration to France,prevent the October,Aim:control immigration to France,prevent the October,2005 Paris riots from recurring2005 Paris riots from recurringAssign grades(stars)to immigration applicants.More stars Assign grades(stars)to immigration applicants.More stars are assigned to highly skilled labors,scientists,computer are assigned to highly skilled labors,scientists,computer engineers,artists or other talents.To accept immigrants engineers,artists or other talents.To accept immigrants pro-actively instead of passively.pro-actively instead of passively.Immigrants must integrate into the French society:Immigrants must integrate into the French society:learning to speak French(If the wife doesnlearning to speak French(If the wife doesn t study French,t study French,the whole family will be expelled);finding a job(now only the whole family will be expelled);finding a job(now only 5%are employed)5%are employed)It reflects the mainstream French thinking:It reflects the mainstream French thinking:Islam=poverty+low education+parasite+violenceIslam=poverty+low education+parasite+violence29 The New President of FranceM.Sarkozy is the son of a Hungarian immigrant M.Sarkozy is the son of a Hungarian immigrant（he pushed the new immigration law as the then he pushed the new immigration law as the then Interior Minister)Interior Minister)He is also the grandson of a Jew,yet he converted He is also the grandson of a Jew,yet he converted to Catholicism in his early ageto Catholicism in his early ageIn summer 2010,his administration started a In summer 2010,his administration started a program to expel Roma migrants(also called program to expel Roma migrants(also called Gypsies)back to Bulgaria and Romania,inspiring Gypsies)back to Bulgaria and Romania,inspiring several other European countries to take similar several other European countries to take similar steps.steps.30 The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World S.Huntington(1996)Culture and cultural identities,which at the Culture and cultural identities,which at the broadest level are civilization identities,are broadest level are civilization identities,are shaping the patterns of cohesion,disintegration,shaping the patterns of cohesion,disintegration,and conflict in the post-Cold War world.and conflict in the post-Cold War world.There are seven or eight major civilizations:There are seven or eight major civilizations:Western,Confucian,Japanese,Islamic,Hindu,Western,Confucian,Japanese,Islamic,Hindu,Slavic-Orthodox,Latin American and possibly Slavic-Orthodox,Latin American and possibly African civilization.African civilization.Wests universalist pretensions increasingly bring it Wests universalist pretensions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations into conflict with other civilizations 31 32 Anti-Japanese SentimentsApril 2005 October 2010ViolenceWide coverageBoycott Japanese goods33 Revising the Revising the history history textbookstextbooksVisiting the Yasukuni ShrineDomain conflicts34 Ethno-nationalism:The Clash of Peoples(by Jerry Muller,2/29/2008,by Jerry Muller,2/29/2008,International Herald TribuneInternational Herald Tribune)The creation of a peaceful regional order of The creation of a peaceful regional order of nation-states has usually been the product of a nation-states has usually been the product of a violent process of ethnic separation.violent process of ethnic separation.In Europe nationalism twice led to war,in 1914 In Europe nationalism twice led to war,in 1914 and then again in 1939.and then again in 1939.whereas in 1900 there were many states in whereas in 1900 there were many states in Europe without a single overwhelmingly dominant Europe without a single overwhelmingly dominant nationality,by 2007,despite European Union,a nationality,by 2007,despite European Union,a transnational organization,there were only two,transnational organization,there were only two,and one of those,Belgium,was close to breaking and one of those,Belgium,was close to breaking up.The other,Switzerland,protects domestic up.The other,Switzerland,protects domestic ethnic balance of power by strict citizenship laws.ethnic balance of power by strict citizenship laws.35 Ethnic cleansing goes back in time in Czech,Ethnic cleansing goes back in time in Czech,France,German,and Poland.Much of the history France,German,and Poland.Much of the history of 20th century Europe has been a painful,drawn-of 20th century Europe has been a painful,drawn-out process of ethnic disaggregation.The breakup out process of ethnic disaggregation.The breakup of Yug