LED的照明应用（英文版）.pdf

LEDs for Lighting ApplicationsEd it ed by Pa t r ic k Mo t t ier函 WILEYFir st pu bl ish ed in Fr a n c e in 2008 by Her mes Sc ien c e/La v o isier en t it l ed:Les diodes elect r oluminescent es pour r eclair age LAVOISIER,2008Fir st pu bl ish ed in Gr ea t Br it a in a n d t h e Un it ed St a t es in 2009 by ISTE Lt d a n d Jo h n Wil ey&So n s,In c.Apa r t f r o m a n y f a ir d ea l in g f o r t h e pu r po ses o f r esea r c h o r pr iv a t e st u d y,o r c r it ic ism o r r ev iew,a s per mit t ed u n d er t h e Co py r ig h t,Desig n s a n d Pa t en t s Ac t 1988,t h is pu bl ic a t io n ma y o n l y be r epr o d u c ed,st o r ed o r t r a n smit t ed,in a n y f o r m o r by a n y mea n s,w it h t h e pr io r per missio n in w r it in g o f t h e pu bl ish er s,o r in t h e c a se o f r epr o g r a ph ic r epr o d u c t io n in a c c o r d a n c e w it h t h e t er ms a n d l ic en ses issu ed by t h e CLA.En q u ir ies c o n c er n in g r epr o d u c t io n o u t sid e t h ese t er ms sh o u l d be sen t t o t h e pu bl ish er s a t t h e u n d er men t io n ed a d d r ess:ISTE Lt d27-37 St Geo r g es Ro a dLo n d o n SW19 4EUUKw w w.ist e.c o.u k ISTE Lt d,2009Jo h n Wil ey&So n s,In c.Il l Riv er St r eet Ho bo k en,NJ 07030 USAw w w.w il ey.c o mTh e r ig h t s o f Pa t r ic k Mo t t ier t o be id en t if ied a s t h e a u t h o r o f t h is w o r k h a v e been a sser t ed by h im in a c c o r d a n c e w it h t h e Co py r ig h t,Desig n s a n d Pa t en t s Ac t 1988.Libr a r y o f Co n g r ess Ca t a l o g in g-in-Pu bl ic a t io n Da t aDio d es el ec t r o l u min esc en t es po u r Tec l a ir a g e.En g l ishLEDs f o r l ig h t in g a ppl ic a t io n s/ed it ed by Pa t r ic k Mo t t ier.p.c m.In c l u d es bibl io g r a ph ic a l r ef er en c es a n d in d ex.ISBN 978-1-84821-145-21.Lig h t emit t in g d io d es.2.El ec t r ic l ig h t in gEq u ipmen t a n d su ppl ies.I.Mo t t ier,Pa t r ic k.TK7871.89.L53D5613 2009621.3815122-222009013274Br it ish Libr a r y Ca t a l o g u in g-in-Pu bl ic a t io n Da t aA CIP r ec o r d f o r t h is bo o k is a v a il a bl e f r o m t h e Br it ish Libr a r yISBN:978-1-84821-145-2Pr in t ed a n d bo u n d in Gr ea t Br it a in by CPI An t o n y Ro w e,Ch ippen h a m a n d Ea st bo u r n e.oFSCMix ed So u r c esProduct group from well-managed forests and other controlled sourcesCert no.SCS COC 29S3 www.fsc.org C1996 Foreit Stewardship CoundTa bl e o f Co n t en t sForeword.x iIntroduction.x vChapter 1.Light-Emitting Diodes:Principles and Challenges.1Ch a pt er w r it t en by Geo r g es ZISSIS1.1.Hist o r y o f a r ev o l u t io n in t h e w o r l d o f t h e l ig h t so u r c es.11.2.LEDs a n d l ig h t in g.31.3.Pr in c ipl e o f o per a t io n,c o l o r,ef f ic ien c y,l if et ime a n d q u a l it y o f LEDs.111.3.1.Wh it e l ig h t pr o d u c t io n f r o m LEDS:pr in c ipl es a n d c h a l l en g es.151.3.2.Lif et ime.191.3.3.Qu a l it y o f LEDs.211.4.Ch a l l en g es f a c in g LEDs.221.5.Bibl io g r a ph y.26Chapter 2.Substrates for III-Nitride-based Electroluminescent Diodes 29Ch a pt er w r it t en by Ph il ippe DE Ml ERRY2.1.In t r o d u c t io n.292.2.Cr y st a l st r u c t u r e a n d epit a x ia l r el a t io n w it h 6H-SiC a n d AI2O3.332.3.Def ec t s a n d c o n st r a in t s d u e t o h et er o epit a x y.382.3.1.Disl o c a t io n s.382.3.2.Diso r ien t a t io n o f t h e su bst r a t e.41v i LEDs f o r Lig h t in g Appl ic a t io n s2.3.3.Epit a x ia l st r e ss.432.3.4.Th er ma l st r ess.432.4.MOVPE g r o w t h o f Ga N o n sa pph ir e.452.4.1.Ga N g r o w t h.452.4.2.St a n d a r d 2D epit a x y.482.4.3.3D epit a x ia l g r o w t h.492.4.4.Epit a x ia l l a t er a l o v er g r o w(ELO IS).512.4.5.An iso t r o pic g r o w t h.532.4.6.Tw o st a g e ELO Ga N g r o w t h(ELO 2S).552.4.7.Ga N g r o w t h u sin g pen d eo-epit a x y.572.4.8.Na n o epit a x y.592.5.Bu l k n it r id e su bst r a t es.612.5.1.HNPS(h ig h n it r o g en pr essu r e so l u t io n met h o d)f o r t h e f a br ic a t io n o f c r y st a l l in e Ga N.622.5.2.Ammo n o t h er ma l sy n t h esis o f Ga N.632.5.3.Ha l id e v a po r ph a se epit a x y(HVPE)o f Ga N.642.6.Co n c l u sio n.672.7.Bibl io g r a ph y.68Chapter 3.III-Nitride High-Brightness Light-Emitting Diodes.75Ch a pt er w r it t en by Amel ie DUSSAIGNE a n d Nic o l a s GRANDJEAN3.1.In t r o d u c t io n.753.2.p-n ju n c t io n in Ga N.773.3.Ac t iv e r eg io n:In Ga N/Ga N q u a n t u m w el l.803.3.1.Gr o w t h a n d st r u c t u r e.813.3.2.Opt ic a l pr o per t ies.833.4.Ra d ia t iv e ef f ic ien c y.913.5.Co n c l u sio n a n d pr o spec t s.953.6.Bibl io g r a ph y.96Chapter 4.Diode Processing.99Ch a pt er w r it t en by Ph il ippe Gl LET4.1.In t r o d u c t io n.994.2.Or d er s o f ma g n it u d e.1004.3.Dio d e c o n f ig u r a t io n s.1034.3.1.Co n v en t io n a l c h ip(CC).1054.3.2.Fl ip c h ip(FC).1054.3.3.Ver t ic a l t h in f il m(VTF).106Ta bl e o f Co n t en t s v ii4.3.4.Th in f il m f l ip c h ip(TFFC).1074.4.Lig h t ex t r a c t io n a t w a f er l ev e l.1084.5.Dio d e pr o c essin g,et c h in g,c o n t a c t d epo sit io n.1114.5.1.N-t y pe c o n t a c t s.1134.5.2.P-t y pe c o n t a c t s.1134.6.Et c h in g.1164.7.Su bst r a t e r emo v a l.1174.8.Po t en t ia l ev o l u t io n s.1184.9.Bibl io g r a ph y.119Chapter 5.Packaging.123Ch a pt er w r it t en by Ad r ien GASSE5.1.In t r o d u c t io n.1235.2.Dif f er en t pa c k a g in g pr o c esses.1245.2.1.Hist o r ic a l ba c k g r o u n d.1245.2.2.Fr o m t h e w a f er t o t h e c h ip.1255.2.3.Co mpo n en t s w it h c o n n ec t io n pin s.1285.2.4.SMT l ea d f o mi c o mpo n en t s.1295.2.5.SMT“l ea d l ess“c o mpo n en t s.1335.2.6.Ot h er t ec h n o l o g ies.1345.2.7.Co n c l u sio n.1365.3.Th er ma l ma n a g emen t.1365.3.1.Mo t iv a t io n s.1365.3.2.Hea t d issipa t io n mo d es.1375.3.3.Th er ma l d issipa t io n in LEDs.1395.3.4.Co mpa r iso n o f d if f er en t pa c k a g in g pr o c esses.1415.3.5.Co n c l u sio n.1455.4.Lig h t ex t r a c t io n in LEDs.1465.4.1.La t er a l l ig h t ex t r a c t io n in LEDs.1465.4.2.Ver t ic a l l ig h t ex t r a c t io n t h r o u g h a l en s.1475.4.3.Len s/en c a psu l a n t ma t er ia l s.1495.4.4.Len ses a n d en c a psu l a n t impl emen t a t io n.1535.5.LED c o mpo n en t c h a r a c t er is t ic s.1535.5.1.Th er ma l a n d el ec t r ic a l c h a r a c t er ist ic s.1535.5.2.Opt ic a l c h a r a c t er ist ic s.1545.5.3.Bin n in g.1565.5.4.Rel ia bil it y.1575.6.Co n c l u sio n a n d t r en d s.158v iii LEDs f o r Lig h t in g Appl ic a t io n s5.7.Appen d ix.1605.7.1.Ph y sic a l pr o per t ies o f ma t er ia l s.1605.8.Bibl io g r a ph y.163Chapter 6.Photoelectric Characterization of Electroluminescent Photodiodes.165Ch a pt er w r it t en by Ch r ist ia n EUGENE a n d Jea n-Mic h el DESWERT6.1.Ph o t o met r y o f LEDs.1656.1.1.Rec a p o f f u n d a men t a l k n o w l ed g e.1666.1.2.Pa r a met er s o f in t er est.1716.1.3.Req u ir ed pr o per t ies o f ph o t o met er s/r a d io met er s.1716.1.4.Mea su r emen t o f l u min o u s in t en sit y.1766.1.5.Mea su r emen t o f l u min o u s f l u x.1796.1.6.Spec t r a l mea su r emen t s.1886.2.El ec t r ic a l c h a r a c t er ist ic s o f LEDs.1916.2.1.Fo r w a r d v o l t a g e.1916.2.2.Temper a t u r e ef f ec t.1926.2.3.Oper a t in g c o n d it io n s o f LEDs f o r ph o t o met r ic mea su r emen t s.1946.2.4.St a n d o f t h e n o r ma l iza t io n.1956.3.Bibl io g r a ph y.196Chapter 7.Quality of White Light from LEDs.197Ch a pt er w r it t en by Fr a n q o ise Vl ENOT7.1.In t r o d u c t io n:w h it e l ig h t a n d v isu a l q u a l it y.1977.1.1.Wh it e l ig h t.1977.1.2.A f ew id ea s o n t h e q u a l it y o f l ig h t.1987.1.3.Th e h u ma n v isu a l f u n c t io n:r ec ept o r s,r et in a,br a in.1997.1.4.Ch a pt er pr esen t a t io n.2007.2.No t io n s o f c o l o r imet r y a n d ph o t o met r y.2017.2.1.Co l o r imet r y.2017.2.2.Ph o t o met r ic q u a n t it ies.2067.3.Obt a in in g w h it e l ig h t w it h LEDs.2117.3.1.Wh it e l ig h t d io d es ba sed o n sh o r t w a v el en g t h emissio n.2117.3.2.Wh it e l ig h t d io d es ba sed o n t h e UV d io d e.2127.3.3.Co mbin in g r ed,g r een a n d bl u e.2127.3.4.Ex a mpl es o f c o mbin in g ma n y LEDs,spec t r u m o pt imiza t io n 2137.3.5.No r ma l iza t io n o f t h e c o l o r o f w h it e d io d es.2147.4.Co l o r r en d er in g o f so u r c es.215Ta bl e o f Co n t en t s ix7.4.1.Th e CRI o f t h e CIE.2167.4.2.Ca l c u l a t io n d et a il s.2197.4.3.Upd a t e o f t h e CIE po sit io n t o t a k e t h e o bser v er s ju d g men t in t o a c c o u n t.2207.5.Wo r k s o n q u a l it y o f l ig h t f r o m LEDs.2207.5.1.Mo d el s.2207.5.2.Co l o r simu l a t io n s.2247.5.3.Ex per imen t a l v a l id a t io n s.2247.5.4.Co n c l u sio n o n t h e c o mpl ex it y o f v isu a l ju d g men t.2287.6.Appl ic a t io n s o f LEDs t o l ig h t in g.2287.7.Co n c l u sio n:a d v a n t a g es,pr ec a u t io n s a n d per spec t iv es.2297.8.Ac k n o w l ed g emen t s.2307.9.Bibl io g r a ph y.230Chapter 8.OLED Technology.233Ch a pt er w r it t en by To n y MAINDRON a n d Da v id VAUFREY8.1.In t r o d u c t io n.2338.1.1.Or g a n ic ma t er ia l s:a h ist o r y.2338.1.2.Bir t h o f t h e f ir st OLED d ev ic e.2348.2.El ec t r o l u min esc en t d io d es.2348.2.1.Or g a n ic semic o n d u c t o r c a t eg o r ies.2368.2.2.Depo sit io n t ec h n iq u e d esc r ipt io n.2388.3.Or g a n ic semic o n d u c t o r s:t h eo r y.2398.3.1.In t r o d u c t io n t o semic o n d u c t iv it y in o r g a n ic c h emist r y.2398.3.2.El ec t r o n ic t r a n spo r t mo d el in a mo r ph o u s o r g a n ic so l id s.2428.4.OLED el ec t r ic a l c h a r a c t er ist ic s.2458.4.1.Ch a r g e c a r r ier s in jec t io n mo d el s.2458.4.2.Ch a r g e c a r r ier s t r a n spo r t mo d el s.2468.5.Dif f er en t st r u c t u r e t y pes o f OLEDs.2498.5.1.Dir ec t a n d in v er t ed d io d es.2498.5.2.Usin g t h e su bst r a t e emit t in g d io d e a n d t h e t o p su r f a c e emit t in g d io d e.2508.5.3.Het er o ju n c t io n d io d e a n d ba n d en g in eer in g.2508.5.4.Lig h t ex t r a c t io n.2528.5.5.Fl u o r esc en c e v er su s ph o sph o r esc en c e.2538.6.OLED l ig h t in g d ed ic a t ed a r c h it ec t u r es.2558.6.1.Sin g l e emit t in g l a y er st r u c t u r e.2558.6.2.Do u bl e emit t in g l a y er st r u c t u r es.2578.6.3.n-emit t in g l a y er st r u c t u r es(n 3).258x LEDs f o r Lig h t in g Appl ic a t io n s8.6.4.St a c k ed OLEDs a n d t a n d em st r u c t u r es.2588.6.5.Co n v er t er s(d o w n c o n v er sio n).2598.7.OLED st a bil it y a n d l if et ime:en c a psu l a t io n issu e.2598.8.OLEDs f o r l ig h t in g.2628.9.Bibl io g r a ph y.264List of Authors.267Index.269Fo r ew o r dHo w c o u l d w e po ssibl y u n d er est ima t e t h e a c h iev emen t o f Th o ma s Ed iso n w h en h e ma n u f a c t u r ed t h e f ir st in c a n d esc en t l a mp in Oc t o ber 1879?Hu ma n it y h a d f in a l l y su c c eed ed in pr o d u c in g l ig h t w it h o u t c o mbu st io n,w it h o u t smel l,w it h o u t smo k e.Fr o m t h en o n,su c h l ig h t w a s t o be a v a il a bl e a n y w h er e a n d ev er y w h er e t h a t a so u r c e o f el ec t r ic it y ex ist ed.130 y ea r s l a t er,t h is t ec h n o l o g y is st il l w id espr ea d,t h o u g h t h e u se o f a r c l a mps h a s been in c r ea sin g sin c e t h e 1950s.Ho w ev er,a mo r e r ec en t l y d ev el o ped t ec h n o l o g y f o r t h e pr o d u c t io n o f l ig h t c o u l d w el l c o n sig n in c a n d esc en t l ig h t in g t o o bl iv io n.Th o u g h q u it e ex pen siv e a t t h e mo men t(bu t pr ic es a r e g o in g d o w n ev er y d a y),it seems t o o f f er a mu c h h ig h er l ev el o f per f o r ma n c e in a l l r espec t s:l if espa n,c o mpa c t n ess,o u t pu t,c o l o r a d ju st men t a n d ea se o f d immin g.Th e t ec h n o l o g y in q u est io n is t h e Lig h t-Emit t in g Dio d e(LED).As a pu r e pr o d u c t o f o pt o el ec t r o n ic s,t h e LED c a me a l o n g a t ju st t h e r ig h t t ime.It w a s in 2008 t h a t g o v er n men t s r o u n d t h e w o r l d ma d e a d ec isio n t o speed u p r ed u c t io n s in en er g y u se a n d t h e a sso c ia t ed CO2 emissio n s.Th ey a l so d ec id ed,mo r e g en er a l l y,t o c u t d o w n o n t h e u se o f r eso u r c es.Lig h t in g a c c o u n t s f o r 19%o f el ec t r ic a l c o n su mpt io n w o r l d w id e,w h ic h mea n s t h a t it pr esen t s a c o n sid er a bl e po t en t ia l f o r r ed u c t io n s o v er t h e n ex t d ec a d e.Mo r eo v er,LEDs o f f er a w a y f o r w a r d:t h ey c a n a l r ea d y c o mpet e w it h in c a n d esc en t l ig h t s,a n d in d u e c o u r se t h ey w il l r iv a l a r c l ig h t s.x ii LEDs f o r Lig h t in g Appl ic a t io n sTh is o ppo r t u n it y,w h ic h is h ist o r ic a l in it s impo r t a n c e,is c l o sel y r el a t ed t o en v ir o n men t a l issu es.It g o es h a n d in h a n d w it h a g r o w in g d ema n d f o r l ig h t in g sy st ems t h a t c a n bet t er sa t isf y c o n su mer n eed s a n d c a n a l so en t a il l if est y l e spin o f f s.LEDs seem espec ia l l y a d a pt a bl e t o ma in t en a n c e d ev ic es u sin g sen so r s,w ir el ess c o n t r o l a n d po w er su ppl ied by ph o t o v o l t a ic pa n el s a n d ba t t er ies.LED t ec h n o l o g y sh o u l d ben ef it f r o m t h e impr essiv e d ev el o pmen t s c u r r en t l y t a k in g pl a c e in o pt o el ec t r o n ic s g en er a l l y,pa r t ic u l a r l y in t h e f iel d s o f mo bil e ph o n es,c o mpu t er s a n d TV sc r een s,a u t o mo bil e eq u ipmen t a n d a d v er t isin g pa n el s.St il l,t h e q u est io n r ema in s:Do w e r ea l l y n eed su c h f l ex ibl e,v er sa t il e l ig h t so u r c es?Th e a l mo st u n l imit ed po ssibil it ies o f o pt o el ec t r o n ic t ec h n o l o g ies,w it h r espec t t o f l u x d immin g a n d c o l o r c o n t r o l,w il l u n d o u bt ed l y h a v e r eper c u ssio n s f o r ph o t o bio l o g y a n d psy c h o l o g y,a s r eg a r d s ex po su r e t o l ig h t(o r o t h er f o r ms o f r a d ia t io n).Tec h n ic a l spec if ic a t io n s sh o u l d n o l o n g er in v o l v e l ig h t t h a t impa r t s v isibil it y a l o n e,bu t a l so l ig h t t h a t pr o mo t es c o mpr eh en sio n,pr ed ic t a bil it y,sa f et y,bea u t y a n d emo t io n.In sh o r t,w h a t is n o w r eq u ir ed is l ig h t f o r life.It w o u l d be a mist a k e t o u n d er est ima t e t h e po ssibl e ben ef it s o f a l ig h t so u r c e su c h a s t h e LED.Th e pr o spec t s o f in c r ea sed l u min o u s ef f ic a c y a t 120-200 Im/W(i.e.t h e r a t io bet w een l ig h t f l u x a n d el ec t r ic a l po w er)ma k e it a f r o n t-r u n n er w it h r eg a r d t o t h e pr o d u c t io n o f w h it e l ig h t(in c a n d