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攻克英语语法、踏上英语学习成功之路 张林峰 编著 作为中国人,要学习与我们的母语完全不同的英语,就必须从英语语法入手。如果将英语比作一座大厦,那么语法就是构成整个大厦的水泥框架,词汇和短语则是构成墙壁的砖瓦,没有坚实的骨架,大厦是无法建成的。为了我们的英语大厦更加宏伟,让我们从现在起精心构建它的骨架。 什么是语法?语法就是造句的方法。 学习语法就是为了我们能够造出无数优美、正确的英语句子。 学习英语语法的步骤: 1. 九大句子成分和六大基本句型结构; 2. 十六种时态及十种被动语态; 3. 名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句); 4. 定语从句; 5. 状语从句; 6. 直接引语和间接引语; 7. 情态动词; 8. 虚拟语气; 9. 非谓语动词; 10. 强调句; 11. 主谓一致; 12. 省略句; 13. 冠词、名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词、介词等的用法。 下面我们一项一项进行学习: 一、九大句子成分 九大句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语(宾语补足语)、同位语、呼语。(主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补、同、呼) 1. 主语: A. 在主谓宾结构中,主语是谓语动词动作的发出者; B. 在主系表结构中,主语是系动词之前的部分; C. 在There be结构中,主语是系动词be之后的部分。 (由名词、名词短语、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing形式和主语从句充当) 我是教师。 他们在踢足球。 熊猫是种可爱的动物。 一个淘气的孩子打碎了我的车窗。 打篮球是我的爱好。 掌握英语是我今年的目标。 练习弹钢琴每天要花费我一个小时的时间。 他昨天的所作所为令人生气。 Knowledge is power. A beautiful girl told me the news. He helped me a lot. To master English is my goal this year. Practicing playing the piano takes me an hour a day. What he did yesterday made his parents angry. 2. 谓语:在主谓宾结构中,表示主语所发出的动作。(由动词构成,包括16种时态和10种 被动语态) 我种了一棵树。 他养了一只狗。 一只黄鼠狼偷吃了我的大公鸡。 一个淘气的孩子打碎了我的车窗。 小红赢了比赛。 我买了本新版英语字典。 我每天练习弹钢琴。 他昨天抓住了一个小偷。 I like English. She keeps a cute monkey as her pet. She loves him. He refused to help. I enjoy learning English. I don’t know when you will leave for New York. 补充知识:   1)根据动词在句中的功能,可分为四类: 实意动词(Notional Verb): 是具有实际动作意义的词,可以直接跟宾语或加介词后跟宾 语。 We work hard. I play football every day. I bought a book yesterday. 系动词(Link Verb): 是连接主语和表语以及帮助实意动词构成各种时态及疑问句、否定 句、被动语态的词。有: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been等。 She is five. We were in Xi’an last evening. The house has been sold by its owner. My bike is being repaired by my father now. 助动词(Auxiliary Verb): 是帮助实意动词构成各种时态及疑问句、否定句的词。有: do, does, did, have, has, had等 。 She didn’t do her homework yesterday. Do you like English? I have been a teacher for fifteen years. Had you finished your homework when your mother got home last evening? 情态动词(Modal Verb): 是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的 动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语、否定句及疑问句。 有: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would), had better, would rather等。 You must learn it by yourself. I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema. Can you swim? Shall we have a party this weekend? Who can help me learn English? 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:  We are having a meeting. (having是实义动词)  They have gone to New York.(have是助动词。)  2)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是: 及物动词(Transitive Verb): 可以直接跟宾语的动词; 不及物动词(Intransitive Verb): 加了介词之后才能跟宾语的动词。 缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。    I live in this bedroom.        不及物动词 (vi.)   I study English hard.   及物动词 (vt.) 3. 宾语:在主谓宾结构中,谓语动词动作的承受者。 (由名词、名词短语、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing形式和宾语从句充当) 我种了一棵树。 他养了一只狗。 一只黄鼠狼偷吃了我的大公鸡。 一个淘气的孩子打碎了我的车窗。 小红赢了比赛。 我买了本新版英语字典。 我每天练习弹钢琴。 他昨天抓住了一个小偷。 I like English. She keeps a cute monkey as her pet. She loves him. He refused to help. I enjoy learning English. I want to know when you will leave for New York. 宾语可分为四类: 1) 动作的承受者——动词宾语: I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)  How many do you need?  We need two. (数词)  We should help the old and the poor. (the + adj.) I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said?  (宾语从句) 2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介词宾语: Are you afraid of the snake?     I am interested in this book. 3) 双宾语——间接宾语(指人或动物)和直接宾语(指物): He gave me a book yesterday.     Give the poor man some money. She taught me English for three years. 4) it 作形式宾语: I find it interesting to learn English. She makes it a rule to read English every morning. We don’t think it possible to defeat them. 4. 表语:在主系表结构中,跟在系动词之后对主语进行修饰说明的部分。 (由名词、名词短语、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、V-ing形 式、过去分词和表语从句充当) 我是学生。 那是一只狗。 失败是成功之母。 她很漂亮。 我很忙。 他们聪明又努力。 我的爱好是打羽毛球。 我想知道的是他怎么英语那么好。 Knowledge is power. She is a hard-working student. The person that she wants to marry is him. My aim is to go to a famous university. My job is teaching English to young children. We are excited. What I want to know is how he can learn English so well. 补充知识: 1) 状态系动词: 用来表示主语的状态,只有be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been等词,例如: He is a teacher.  We are students. He has been ill for three years. Tom is in Xi’an. 2) 持续系动词: 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep , rest , remain, stay, lie, stand等词,例如: He always kept silent at meetings.  This matter rests a mystery.  The village stands at the foot of the hill.  Japan lies to the east of China.  3) 表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look等词,例如: He looks tired.  他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste等词,例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。  5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等词,例如: He became mad after that.  She grew rich within a short time.  6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out等词,表达"证实", "变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false.  The search proved difficult.  His plan turned out a success.  注意:可带名词作表语的系动词be, become, make, look, sound, fall, prove,  remain, turn等。注意:turn后接的单数名词 前多不用冠词。   7) 系动词无被动语态: appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn例如:  It sounds good.   The dish smells delicious. He fell ill last night. 5. 定语:用来修饰或限定一个名词的词、短语或从句。 (由名词、冠词、代词、形容词、不定式、V-ing形式、过去分词和定语从句充当) 一位男老师将教我们英语。 那是一个宁静的夜晚。 我有很多事情要做。 坐在那里的男孩是我的朋友。 在事故中被压死的狗是他的。 他就是我昨天在公园见到的那个老外。 我昨天丢的笔找到了。 我想上的大学是北大。 A man doctor will take care of you. This girl is my best friend. I have a lot of homework to do today. The boy standing there is my brother. The dog killed in the accident belonged to my grandpa. The pen which I lost yesterday was given to me as a birthday gift by my mum. 英语中的定语和汉语中的定语的最大差别在于它所处的位置,汉语中无论是词、短语或句子作定语时,都放在被修饰词之前,而英语中,只有单个的词或复合形容词作定语时才放在被修饰词之前,其它情况全部放在被修饰词之后。英语中的定语种类有十余种,下面我们分类学习: 1)单个的名词、形容词、数词、代词、V-ing、P.P.及复合形容词作定语,放在被修饰词前。 a man doctor a woman teacher a boy student a baby girl a beautiful girl a lovely baby a nice present an honest boy three toys five people eight elephants nine years this book those pens my brother your sister boiling water an exciting game a swimming pool a reading room the sleeping baby a dancing cat the shouting crowd the crying girl boiled water the excited audience a disappointed mother a warm-hearted welcome a cold-blooded killer a white-haired woman 2) “什么地方的什么”= the + N. + 介词短语 the picture on the wall 墙上的画儿 the birds in the tree 树上的鸟 the books on the shelf 架子上的书 the hole in the wall 墙上的洞 the cat in the box 盒子里的猫 the lamp over my head 我头顶的灯 the students in our class 我们班的学生 3)“正在做什么的人或物”= the + N + V-ing + (O) + LA + TA the man standing there 站在那里的男子 the dog barking now 正在吠叫的狗 the girl singing on the stage 正在舞台上唱歌的女孩 the boy swimming in the river 正在河里游泳的男孩 4) “正在被怎么样的人或物”= the + N + being + P.P. + LA + TA the bridge being built now 正在被建的桥 the meeting being held now 正在被召开的会议 the boy being punished by our teacher 正在被我们老师惩罚的学生 5) “将要被怎么样的人或物”= the + N + to be + P.P. + LA + TA the meeting to be held tomorrow morning 明早将要被召开的会议 the student to be sent to America by our school 将被我们学校送往美国的学生 the school to be set up in the village 将被建在这个村子里的学校 6) “已经被怎么样的人或物”= the + N + P.P. + LA + TA the man killed in the accident last night 昨晚在事故中被压死的人 the bridge built last year 去年被建成的桥 the meeting held yesterday 昨天被召开的会议 7) “穿着什么样衣服的人”= the + N + in + a/an + 衣服 + LA + TA the man in a black T-shirt 穿着黑色T恤的男子 the girl in a red mini-skirt 穿着红色迷你裙的女孩 the man in a suit 穿着西服套装的男子 8) “穿着什么颜色衣服的人”= the + N + in + 颜色 + LA + TA the man in black 穿着黑衣的人 the girl in red 穿着红色衣服的女孩 the woman in blue 穿着蓝色衣服的女士 the boy in green 穿着绿色衣服的男孩 9) 副词做定语一般后置 = the + N + adv. the students here 这里的学生 the man over there 那边的男子 passengers aboard 车(船、飞机)上的乘客 10) 形容词(形容词短语)做后置定语 = the + N + adj. + LA + TA a room lagre enough to hold 100 people 大到能容纳100人的房间 a basket full of fruits 装满水果的篮子 a boy clever enough to speak three languages 聪明到会说三种语言的男孩 11) “什么什么相同的人或物”= the + N + of + N a girl of her own age 和她年龄相同的女孩 birds of a feather 相同羽毛的鸟 the bottles of the same shape 相同形状的瓶子 12) “有什么的人或物“ = the/a + N + with + N a girl with long hair 长发女孩 a boy with big eyes 大眼睛的男孩 13) 定语从句= the + N + 引导词 + 从句 The N(人) + who/that + V + O + LA + TA (人主) The teacher who/that taught me English at this school last year The thief who/that stole my wallet yesterday The N(人) + who/that + be + P.P. + by + Doer + LA + TA (人主) The thief who/that was caught by a policeman yesterday The N(人) + (whom/that) + S + V + LA + TA (人宾) The girl (whom/that) I met in the park yesterday The old man (whom/that) I helped yesterday The N(物) + which/that + V + O + LA + TA (物主) The dog which/that bit me in the park yesterday The horse which/that ran away last week The N(物) + which/that + be + P.P. + by + Doer + LA + TA (物主) The dog which/that was killed in the accident yesterday The N(物) + (which/that) + S + V + LA + TA (物宾) The book (which/that) I bought yesterday The dog (which/that) I saw yesterday The N(人,物) + whose + N + V + O + LA + TA (人,物,所属) The man whose son is a doctor in this hospital The room whose door is green Such + N + as + S + V + LA +TA Such people as I got to know in America last year Such books as I bought yesterday The same + N + as + S + V + LA +TA The same bike as I lost yesterday So + adj. + a/an + N + as + S + V + LA +TA So clever a boy as all the teachers like The N(时间) + (which/that) + S + V + LA + TA (先行词作宾语) The year (which/that) I spent in America The N(时间) + when/介词+which + S + V + O + LA (先行词作状语) The year when/in which I studied English in America The N(地点) + (which/that) + S + V + TA (先行词作宾语) The museum (which/that) I visited last week The school (which/that) we set up in the village The N(地点) + where/介词+which + S + V + O + TA (先行词作状语) The factory where/in which my father works The farm where/on which I worked last year The reason + (which/that) + S + V + LA + TA (先行词作宾语) The reason (which/that) he made up The reason (which/that) he told me The reason + why/for which + S + V + O + LA + TA (先行词作状语) The reason why/for which he didn’t go to school yesterday The reason why/for which I punished you 6. 状语:说明谓语动词动作所处的状态(包括时间、地点、 原因、比较、目的、结果、条件、方式和让步状语)。 (由副词、介词短语、不定式、V-ing形式、过去分词和状语从句充当) 我在那里见到的他。 在一个宁静的夜晚,他们誓血为盟。 由于生病,他没有去上学。 她哼着歌离开了教室。 尽管在下雨,他们继续工作。 即使你给我买票,我也不会跟你去看电影。 为了练习发音,我每天都模仿VOA。 当从山顶看时,我们学校看起来很漂亮。 I met him there. He studies in a key middle school. To learn English well, she takes every chance to practice her oral English. Seeing from the top of the building, you can see the whole town. Seen from the top of the building, the town looks beautiful. I was having dinner when he came to see me last evening. 7. 补语(宾语补足语):跟在宾语之后对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分。 (由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、V-ing形式、过去分词) 我们选他当班长。 这场激烈的比赛令所有观众都很兴奋。 母亲每天都让我朗读英语。 他让我们等了两个小时。 毛泽东的逝世令举国哀痛。 老师罚我下蹲两百次。 据预测美国民众将再次选奥巴马为总统。 请让我进去。 We will make him monitor. The good news made us happy. Please let me in. My mother gets me to read English every morning. He kept me waiting for two hours. The news that our team had won the match made us excited. 8. 同位语:表示同一主体的两个不同的词、短语或从句。 (由名词、名词短语、同位语从句) 我们学生应当努力学习。 我最好的朋友小明将去美国留学。 谁下学期将教我们英语的问题尚未得到答复。 我们队赢了比赛的消息让我们兴奋。 众所周知英语变得越来越重要的事实。 我们明天要考试的消息已经公布了。 我们可以怎样进一步合作的问题将在会议上讨论。 We students should study hard. Jack, a friend of mine, has been sent abroad to study by our school. The fact that English is becoming more and more important is known to everyone. The question who will teach us English will be answered tomorrow. 9. 呼语:称呼用语。(如:Sir, Your Majesty, Your Highness, Madam等)。 二、六大基本句型结构 英语的基本句型结构只有三种:1. 主谓宾结构;2. 主系表结构;3. There be结构。 主谓宾结构又有可引申出三种:1. 主谓状结构;2. 主谓+双宾语结构;3. 主谓宾+宾补结构。 1. 主谓宾结构:表示主语做什么; 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 方式状语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语. S + V + O + MA + LA + TA. I read English in the classroom every day. She plays the piano attentively at home every evening. 2. 主系表结构:表示主语是什么、怎么样、在哪里; 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语。 S + LV + P + LA + TA. I am a student in this school now. She was very beautiful when she was in her twenties. I was in Beijing last Sunday. 3. There be 结构:表示什么地方有什么; There be + 主语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语。 There be + S + LA + TA. There is a book on the desk now. There was a tree in the yard two years ago. 4. 主语 + 谓语 + (状语). S + V + (A). She smiles. He is laughing aloud. 5. 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语. S + V + DO + Prep. + IO + LA + TA. = 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语. S + V + IO + DO + LA + TA. She bought a tie for me last week. = She bought me a tie last week. Mary gave a book to Tom yesterday. = Mary gave Tom a book yesterday. 6. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 + (状语)。 S + V + O + OC + (A). We made Tom monitor yesterday. The good news made us happy. The pain is driving me mad. My mother gets me to read English every day. He shot the wolf dead. 下面我们学习通过在基本句型中加入定语、各种状语等的方式来造复杂的英文句子的方法。我们将其称为:积木式造句法。 1. 主谓宾结构的句子扩充: (时间状语)+(前置定语)+ 主语 +(后置定语)+ 谓语 +(前置定语)+ 宾语 +(后置定语)+(地点状语)+(时间状语). A boy met a girl. A handsome boy met a beautiful girl. A handsome boy who was wearing a black T-shirt met a beautiful girl that was dressed in a red mini-skirt. A handsome boy who was wearing a black T-shirt met a beautiful girl that was dressed in a red miniskirt in the park yesterday. 2. 主系表结构的句子扩充: (前置定语)+ 主语 +(后置定语)+ 系动词 +(前置定语)+ 表语 +(后置定语)+ (地点状语)+(时间状语). The man is my teacher. The handsome man is my English teacher. The handsome man who is standing there talking with my mother is my English teacher that has been teaching me at his home for three years. 3. There be结构的句子扩充: There be + (前置定语) + 主语 +(后置定语)+(地点状语)+(时间状语). There is a book on the desk. There is an English book on the desk. There is an English book on Chinese history, which was written by a famous British historian, on the desk that stands near the window. 积木式造句法是英语学习中最简洁明了的造句方法,同学们一定要多加练习、熟练掌握。通过这种造句方法我们可以造出大量语法正确、意思清楚地句子,为我们的英语写作打下坚实的基础。
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