-关节学总论中轴骨连结.pptx

Chapter two Arthrology Department of AnatomyYunyang medical college目的和要求目的和要求1 1了解骨连结的分类。了解骨连结的分类。2 2掌握关节的基本结构和辅助结构。掌握关节的基本结构和辅助结构。3 3了解关节的运动及分类。了解关节的运动及分类。4 4掌掌握握脊脊柱柱的的组组成成、椎椎骨骨间间的的连连结结、脊脊柱柱的整体观及其运动。的整体观及其运动。5 5了了解解肋肋与与脊脊柱柱及及胸胸骨骨的的连连结结。掌掌握握骨骨性性胸廓的组成、胸廓上、下口的围成。胸廓的组成、胸廓上、下口的围成。6 6了解颅骨连结的主要形式，掌握颞下颌了解颅骨连结的主要形式，掌握颞下颌关节的组成及运动。关节的组成及运动。Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 软骨软骨 or osseous 骨骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz.,Continuous joints 直接连结直接连结and Discontinuous joints 间接连结间接连结.Up 一、一、Continuous joints直接连结直接连结（一）（一）Fibrous joints纤维连结纤维连结 Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.Syndesmosis 韧带连结韧带连结 Suture 缝缝 Up （二）（二）Cartilaginous joints软骨连结软骨连结 Bones are united by cartilage.Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合透明软骨结合Symphysis 纤维软骨联合纤维软骨联合（三）（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合骨性结合二、二、Discontinuous joints间接连结间接连结 Articulation or Synovial joints（一）（一）Basic structures 1.Articular surface关节面关节面:covered by articular cartilage.2.Articular capsule关节囊关节囊qFibrous membraneqSynovial membrane 3.Articular cavity关节腔关节腔:containing a trace of synovial fluid;subatmospheric pressure in it.Up (二二)Accessory structures1.Ligaments韧带韧带:extra-and intracapsular ligaments2.Articular disc关节盘关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇关节唇3.Synovial fold滑膜襞滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊滑膜囊 Up (三）Movements of joints关节运动关节运动1.Translation移动移动2.Flexion and extension屈和伸屈和伸3.Adduction and abduction收和展收和展4.Rotation旋转旋转qMedial and lateral rotation旋内和旋外旋内和旋外qPronation and supination旋前和旋后旋前和旋后qInversion and eversion足内翻和足外翻足内翻和足外翻5.Circumduction环转环转 Up (四四)Classification of synovial joints 关节的分类关节的分类(自学）自学）nUniaxial joints 单轴关节单轴关节nBiaxial joints双轴关节双轴关节nMultiaxial joints 多轴关节多轴关节 Up 关节学的研究和应用关节学的研究和应用1.1.关节病的诊断关节病的诊断和治疗和治疗2.2.人造关节和假肢的研制和开发人造关节和假肢的研制和开发3.3.智能机器人的开发和研制智能机器人的开发和研制 Section 2 The joint of the axial bones中轴骨连结中轴骨连结一、一、Articulations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结躯干骨的连结 Up The 24 pieces of vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx articulate one by one to form a longitudinal axis of the trunkthe vertebral column.Up (一一)vertebral column 脊柱脊柱 Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs椎间盘椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:nNucleus pulposus髓核髓核,an inner soft,pulpy,highly elastic structure.nAnnulus fibrosus纤维环纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage.Up Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出髓核脱出 Up Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带后纵韧带 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs.Up Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结nLigamenta flava黄韧带黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.Up nInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带棘间韧带nSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带棘上韧带nLigamentum nuchae 项韧带项韧带 nIntertansverse ligament 横突间韧带横突间韧带 nZygapophysial joint 关节突关节关节突关节 Up Atlantooccipital joint寰枕关节寰枕关节nBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesnSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasnAction nodding of head,lateral tilting of head Up Atlantoaxial joint寰枢关节寰枢关节nThree synovial joints between atlas and axisnSupported by ligaments nAction allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column Up The whole view of the vertebral columnNormal Curves of vertebral columnnCervical curvature颈曲颈曲 nThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 nLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲nSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 Up Up Movement of the vertebral column nflexion nextensionnlateral flexion nRotationncircumduction Up Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂脊柱裂 Up (二二)Thoracic cage 胸廓胸廓Composition:It is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae,12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them.Up JointsnCostovertebral joints肋椎关节肋椎关节qJoints of costal head肋头关节肋头关节qCostotransverse joints肋横突关节肋横突关节 Up nSternocostal joints 胸肋关节胸肋关节qSternocostal synchondrosis of first ribqSternocostal joints qInterchondral joints:between costal cartilages 8,9,and 10 to form the costal arch肋弓肋弓 Up nIt is roughly cone-shape,narrow above and broad below,flattened from before-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls.n Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口胸廓上口nOutlet of thorax 胸廓下口胸廓下口nInfrasternal angle胸骨下角胸骨下角nIntercostal spaces肋间隙肋间隙 Up The whole view of the thoracic cage nFunction:qprotects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity;qplays a vital role in the process of breathing.InspirationExpiration Up 二、二、Joints of skull 颅骨的连结颅骨的连结 nContinuous joints:sutures,synchondrosis or synosteosis Up Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节颞下颌关节nAticular surfacesnCapsule:thin and lax in front and behind;strengthened by the lateral ligament.nArticular discnMovement Up Summary End Up