2022年研究生入学考试英语.docx

2022年争辩生入学考试英语 2022年商量生入学考试英语 2022年商量生入学考试英语( 一 )真题及参考答案 Section 1 Use of English Directions: Read the following text .Choose the word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be .We suddenly cant rememberthe keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love .As the brain we refer to these occurrences an “senior moments. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done .It much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental can significantly improve our basic cognitive .Thinking is essentially a of making marking the made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and “brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their attention skills. The program keeps of your progress and provides detailed feedback your performance and improvement .Most importantly, it modifies and enhances the games you play to on the strengths you are and vary your muscle use . 1. Awhere 2. Aimproves 3. A If 4. Auneven 5. Awellbeing 6. Aturns 7. Aroundabouts 8. Agenre Bwhen Bfades B Unless Blimited Benvironment Bfinds Bresponses Bfunctions Cthat Crecovers C Once Cdamaging Crelationship Cpoints Cworkouts Ccircumstances Dwhy Dcollapses D While Dobscure Doutlook Dfigures Dassociations Dcriterion 9. Achannel 10. Apersist 11. A Therefore 12. Aaccording to 13. Aback 14. Asharpness 15. Aforces 16. Ahold 17. Ato 18. Airregularly 19. Acarry 20. Arisky Bcondition Bbelieve B Moreover Bregardless of Bfurther Bstability Breminds Btrack Bwith Bhabitually Bput Beffective Csequence Cexcel C Otherwise Capart from Caside Cframework Churries Corder Cfor Cconstantly Cbuild Cidle Dprocess Dfeature D However Dinstead of Daround Dflexibility Dallows Dpace Don Dunusually Dtake Dfamiliar Section 2 Reading Comprehension Part A Directions： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency, George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the upfront work search scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV. register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. There first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. he4 claimed, Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster. Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for fundamental fairness - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always : a job. But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase jobseekers allowance is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited allowance, conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU. 21. George Osbornes scheme was intended to Aprovide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking. Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits. 22. The phrase “to sign on “most probably means Ato check on the availability of jobs at the job centre. Bto accept the governments restriction on the allowance. Cto register for an allowance form the government. Dto attend a government job-training program. 23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme? A A desire to secure a better life for all B An eagerness to protect the unemployed. C An urge to be generous to the claimants. D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. 24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes one feel Auneasy Benraged Cinsulted Dguilty 25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree? AThe British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness. BOsbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment. CThe jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs. DUnemployment benefits should not be made conditional. Text2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession -with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal services in America grew twice as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big -firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $1000,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing there legal professions. America should follow. 26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to Athe growing demand from clients. Bthe increasing pressure of inflation. Cthe prospect of working in big firms. Dthe attraction of financial rewards. 27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? A Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies. B Admissions approval from the bar association. C Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major. D Receiving training by professional associations. 28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from A lawyers and clients strong resistance. Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession. Cthe stern exam for would-be lawyers. D non-professionals sharp criticism. 29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive partly because it A bans outsiders involvement in the profession. Bkeeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade. Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits. 30. In this text, the author mainly discusses A flawed ownership of Americas law firms and causes. Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in American. C a problem in Americas legal profession and solutions to it. D the role of undergraduate studies in Americas legal education. Text 3 The USS3-millon Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this years award in Mach And it is far from the only one of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. Whats not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes both new and old are distributed. The breakthrough prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundations limit of limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism that is the culture of research, after all but it is the prize-givers money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace. 31. The Fundamental physics Prize is seen as Aa symbol of the entrepreneurs wealth Ba possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes Can example of bankers investments Da handsome reward for researchers 32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit Athe profit-oriented scientists Bthe founders of the new awards Cthe achievement-based system Dpeer-review-led research 33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves Acontreversies over the recipients status Bthe joint effort of modern researchers Clegitimate concerns over the new prizes Dthe demonstration of research findings 34. According to Paragraph4, which of the following is true of the Nobels? ATheir endurance has done justice to them BTheir legitimacy has long been in dispute CThey are the most representative honor DHistory has never cast doubt on them 35. the author believes that the now awards are Aacceptable despite the criticism Bharmful to the culture of research Csubject to undesirable changes Dunworthy of public attention Text 4 “The Heart of the Matter, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the reports failure to address the true nature of the critics facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2022, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent liners to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal, atste and localto “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.In response, the American Academy form