Oceancarrigemodes海洋运输.pptx

Features of Ocean CarriageAdvantages+The easy passage since about 70%of the earth is covered by water.+large loading capacity+cheap mode of transport for large quantities of goods over long distance+Good adaptability to cargoes of different size,weight,shape,etc Ocean carriageDisadvantages-Easily affected by natural conditions-High risk-Low speedMajor Ocean Carriage ModesConference Line VesselsCharter ShipsOcean Ocean carrige carrige modesmodesNon-conference Line VesselsTramp Ships A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table.Featuresfixed route,ports,schedule and relatively fixed freight船舶行驶有一定的航线船舶行驶有一定的航线船舶行驶有一定的航线船舶行驶有一定的航线 、按事先规定的港口停泊按照一定的时间表航行、按事先规定的港口停泊按照一定的时间表航行、按事先规定的港口停泊按照一定的时间表航行、按事先规定的港口停泊按照一定的时间表航行loading and unloading charges included in freight船方负责装卸船方负责装卸船方负责装卸船方负责装卸simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity程序简单，是小数量货物的理想选择程序简单，是小数量货物的理想选择Conference Line VesselsConference Line vesselsvAdvantage the scheduled services enable shipping,industrial and marketing operation to be planned well in advance.有计划的服务使运输方，工厂以及市场操作方面可以提前做好准备vDisadvantage 1.Rates are usually high.费率一般很高 2.Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp service.费率不会像不定期船那样随供求关系的变化而变动 3.Rules and procedures are inflexible.规则和程序不灵活Non-conference Line vesselsvDefinition Non-conference line vessels operated by shipping companies that do not belong to conferences that provide schedule service.Non-conference Line vessels 1Determine their own freight rate，sailing schedule and ports 2Operating a regular service between two or more ports 3They are flexible 4Sometimes they may have the problems of insufficient cargo supplyvFeatures Tramp ships Characters：vfollow no firms schedule;vno regular routes or times；vsail off to where the goods are available，usually carry products sent in bulk。Such as coal，grain，timber，ores，fertilizers，etcvMuch cheaper than that of the conference line vessel。vShippers may choose direct routeTypes of Tramp ships:General cargo vessels（普通货轮）：to carry various types of cargoesOil tankers（油轮）：responsible for the movement the worlds oil.Container vessels（集装箱船）:to carry from 200 to over 4000 standard containers of 20 feet in length.Oil/Bulk/Ore(OBO)vessels（石油散货矿石船）（石油散货矿石船）:designed for switching between bulk shipments of oil and bulk grain,fertilizer and ore Ro/Ro vessels（混装货轮）（混装货轮）designed for loaded trailers or any vehicles to be driven onto the vessel to facilitate faster loading and unloadingTramp shipsvLASH(Lighter Abroad Ship)（载驳船（载驳船）designed to carry lighters The type of LASH:1.“拉希”式载驳船(LASH)2.“西比”式载驳船(SEABEE)3.“巴卡特”型载驳船(BACAT)4.“巴可”型载驳船(BACO)Tramp ships Refrigerated ship(冷藏船冷藏船)for carrying perishable cargoes.Timber ship（木材船）（木材船）with special holds and heavy lifts for carrying timber or wood logs Voyage Charter Time CharterBareboat CharterCharter Ships1The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyagesingle trip charter 单航次租船单航次租船 return trip charter 来回程航次租船来回程航次租船consecutive voyages 连续航次程租连续航次程租2The charter of a ship for a definite period of time.The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the related charges.The renter has the right to dispatch the ship,but bear all expenditures in transit,such as charges for fuels,port and loading&unloading.3A ship without crew and ships masterThe charterer is responsible for crewing,provisioning and fuelling,maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time,usually a number of years 比较项目比较项目程程 租租期期 租租光船租船光船租船租船基础租船基础航程航程航期航期航期航期船舶承租人的权船舶承租人的权利利小小大大更大更大航次成本的负担航次成本的负担者者船舶所有人船舶所有人承租人承租人承租人承租人固定开支的负担固定开支的负担者者船舶所有人船舶所有人船舶所有人船舶所有人承租人承租人费用计算费用计算运费，计算滞期运费，计算滞期费和速遣费费和速遣费租金，不计滞期费租金，不计滞期费和速遣费和速遣费租金，不计滞期租金，不计滞期费和速遣费费和速遣费适用情况适用情况常见常见多见多见少见少见Ocean Freight Rates Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight.The freight of liners comprises basic charges and additional chargesLiner Freight v.Several ways are used in calculating the basic charges:v1)By weight ton（重量吨）（重量吨）,shortened as W/T.v2)By measurement ton（尺码吨）（尺码吨）,shortened as M/T.vW/T and M/T are together called freight ton（运费吨）（运费吨）.v3)By W/M the higher rate is applicablev4)By Ad Val.（从价运费）（从价运费）.v 5)By either W/T or M/T or Ad Val.,whichever the highest.The highest rate is applicablev6)By the number of the goods(按件计价按件计价).Goods like cattle,trucks are charged in this way.v7)As arranged by the consignor and the carrier.Freight is usually discussed by the consignor and the carrier for the goods like grain,mineral ore,coal,etc.vSeveral ways can be used to define the loading and unloading charges:v1)liner terms.This is mostly used for packed cargoes and wood.Under one of these terms,the shipowner will answer for the loading and unloading charges.v2)Free out(F.O).Under this term,the shipowner answers for the loading charges.v3)Free in(F.I).Under this term,the shipowner answers for the unloading charges.v4)Free in and free out(F.I.O).This is the most often applied.To use this term,it will also be necessary to include the trimming and stowing charges,as is given by“Free in and free out stowed and trimmed”(F.I.O.S.T).Charter FreightvIf the charterer is responsible for the loading and unloading,he is obliged to complete them within the given period of time.The charter party usually stipulates that if the charterer can not complete loading or unloading within the given period of time,he will have to pay the shipowner a certain sum of fine,called demurrage（滞期费）（滞期费）.On the other hand,if he can finish loading or unloading before the given time expires,the shipowner will reward him with“dispatch money（速谴费）（速谴费）”.Dispatch money is generally one half of the demurrage.Shipping arrangementsv选择所需的船只及海运线v考虑和计算所涉及的特定运价v支付运费v提单编制v利用适当的标准运输订单形式