-English-Words-of-Chinese-Origion.doc

List of English words of Chinese origin
Words of Chinese origin have entered the English language and many European languages. Most of these were loanwords from Chinese itself, a term covering those members of the Chinese branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. However, Chinese words have also entered indirectly via other languages, particularly Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese, that have all used Chinese characters at some point and contain a large number of Chinese loanwords.
[edit] Different sources of loanwords

English words with Chinese origin usually have different characteristics depending how the words were spread to the West. Despite the increasingly widespread use of Mandarin among Chinese people, English words that are based on Mandarin are relatively scarce.
Some words spread to the West ....
· via the silk road, e.g. silk. These have heavy influence from countries along the silk road.
· via the missionaries who lived in China. These have heavy Latin influence due the Portuguese and Spanish missionaries.
· via the sinologists who lived in China. These have heavy French influence due to the long history of French involvement in Sinology.
· via the maritime trade route, e.g. tea, Amoy, cumshaw etc. These have heavy influence from the Amoy dialect in southern seaports.
· via the early immigrants to the US in the gold rush era, e.g. chop suey. These have heavy influence from the Toisan dialect.
· via the multi-national colonization of Shanghai. These have influence from many European countries, also Japan.
· via the British colonisation of Hong Kong, e.g. cheongsam. These have heavy influence from Cantonese.
· via modern international communication especially after the 1970s when the People's Republic of China opened its iron curtain to let her people emigrate to various countries, e.g. wushu, feng shui etc. These have heavy influence from Mandarin.
· via Japanese and (possibly) Korean and Vietnamese. These languages have borrowed large amounts of Chinese vocabulary in the past, written in the form of Chinese characters. The pronunciation of such loanwords is not based directly on Chinese, but on the local pronunciation of Chinese loanwords in these languages, known as Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean, and Sino-Vietnamese. In addition, the individual characters were extensively used as building blocks for local neologisms with no counterpart in the original Chinese, resulting in words whose relationship to the Chinese language is similar to the relationship between new Latinate words (particularly those that form a large part of the international scientific vocabulary) and Latin. Such words are excluded from the list.
Though all these following terms originated from China, the spelling of the English words depends on which language the transliterations came from.

B
Brainwashing 
A direct translation from Chinese 洗脑 xǐ nǎo (where 洗 literally means "wash", while 脑 means "brain", hence brainwash), a term and psychological concept first used by the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War. It may refer to a forcible indoctrination to induce someone to give up basic political, social, or religious beliefs and attitudes and to accept contrasting regimented ideas; or persuasion by propaganda or salesmanship. The term "brainwashing" came into the mainstream English language after Western media sources first utilized the term to describe the attitudes of POWs returning from the Korean War.
Bok choy 
(Cantonese) 白菜 （baakchoi), a Chinese cabbage: literally 'white vegetable'
C
Catsup 
see Ketchup
Char 
colloquial English word for 'tea', originally from Chinese 茶 (Cantonese/Mandarin chá; Vietnamese trà or chè).
Cheongsam 
from Cantonese 長衫 (cheungsaam), lit. long clothes.
Chi 
or "qi", energy of an object or person, from Chinese Mandarin 氣 (air or spirit). (This word is correctly represented in Wade-Giles romanization by "ch'i," but the rough breathing mark (replaced by an apostrophe in most texts) has disappeared in colloquial English.)
China 
via Latin Sina, Persian چین Cin, and Sanskrit चीन Chinas; ultimately from the name of the Ch'in Dynasty 秦
Chop chop 
from Cantonese chuk chuk 速速, lit. hurry, urgent
Chopsticks 
from Chinese Pidgin English chop chop.
Chop suey 
from Cantonese 雜碎 (tzapseui), lit. mixed pieces
Chow 
from Chinese Pidgin English chowchow which means food, perhaps based on Cantonese 炒, lit. stir fry (cooking)
Chow chow 
any of a breed of heavy-coated blocky dogs of Chinese origin
Chow mein 
from Taishanese 炒麵 (chau meing), lit. stir fried noodle, when the first Chinese immigrants, from Taishan came to the United States.
Confucianism 
from Confucius, Latinized form of 孔夫子 (kǒng fūzǐ) 'Master Kong'
Cumshaw 
from Amoy 感謝, feeling gratitude
D
Dalai Lama 
the lama who is the chief spiritual adviser of the Dalai Lama. 班禅喇嘛-- Dalai Lama Etymology -- Panchen from Chinese (Beijing) b*nch*n Date-- 1794. The word Lama (Tibetan Blama) is used in an English translation of Martini’s Conquest of China in 1654; Dalai-lama in 1698. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word Далай "Dalai" meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word བླ་མ ་"Blama" (with a silent b) meaning "chief" or "high priest."[1] The name literally means "Ocean Teacher."
Dim sum and Dim sim 
from Cantonese 點心 (dimsam), lit. touches the heart
F
Fan-tan 
from Cantonese 番攤 (fāntān), lit. (take) turns scattering
Feng shui 
from feng, wind and shui, water 風水; (slang) Denotes an object or scene is aesthetically balanced (generally used in construction or design)
Foo dog 
from Mandarin 佛 fó Buddha (from their use as guardians of Buddhist temples)
G
Ginkgo 
mistransliteration of 銀杏 (ginkyō or ginnan) in Japanese
Ginseng 
from Hokkien Chinese 人參 jîn-sim, rendered in Mandarin as renshen, name of the plant. Some say the word came via Japanese (same kanji), although 人参 now means 'carrot' in Japanese; ginseng is 朝鮮人参 ('Korean carrot').
Go 
From the Japanese name igo 囲碁 of the Chinese board game. Chinese 围棋, Mandarin: Weiqi.
Gung-ho 
from Mandarin 工合, short for 工業合作社
Gyoza 
Japanese ギョーザ, gairaigo from Chinese 餃子 (Mandarin: Jiaozi), stuffed dumpling. Gyoza in English refers to the fried dumpling style (as supposed to water boiled).
H
Hoisin (sauce) 
from Cantonese 海鮮 (hoísin), lit. seafood
K
Kanji 
Japanese name for Chinese characters: 漢字, lit. Chinese characters. Chinese: Hàn zì.
Kaolin 
from 高嶺, lit. high mountain peak, the name of a village or suburb of Jingde Town, in Jiangxi Province, that was the site of a mine from which kaolin clay (高嶺土 gāo lǐng tǔ) was taken to make the fine porcelain produced in Jingde.[2].
Keemun 
kind of tea, 祁門 Mandarin qímén
Ketchup 
possibly from Cantonese or Amoy 茄汁, lit. tomato sauce/juice
Koan 
Japanese 公案 kōan, from Chinese 公案 (Mandarin gōng'àn), lit. public record
Kowtow 
from Cantonese 叩頭 (Mandarin, kòu tóu) , lit. knock head
Kumquat or cumquat
from Cantonese name of the fruit 柑橘 (Gamgwat)
Kung fu 
the English term to collectively describe Chinese martial arts; from Cantonese 功夫 (Gongfu), lit. efforts
L
Lo mein 
from Cantonese 撈麵 (lòu-mihn), lit. scooped noodle
Longan 
from Cantonese 龍眼, name of the fruit
Loquat 
from Cantonese 蘆橘, old name of the fruit
Lychee 
from Cantonese 荔枝 (laitzi), name of the fruit
M
Mao-tai or moutai
from Mandarin 茅台酒 (máotái jiǔ), liquor from Maotai (Guizhou province)
Mahjong 
from Mandarin 麻將 (ma jiang), lit. the mahjong game
Mu shu (pork) 
from Mandarin 木須 (mùxū), lit. wood shredded
N
Nankeen
Chinese, from Chinese, a durable cotton, buff-colored cloth originally made in 南京 (Nán Jīng).
Nunchaku 
Okinawan Japanese, from Min (Taiwan/Fujian) 雙節棍, lit. double jointed sticks
O
Oolong 
from Amoy 烏龍, lit. dark dragon
P
Paigow 
from Cantonese 排九, a gambling game
Pekin
from southern Mandarin 北京, a patterned silk cloth
Pinyin 
from Mandarin 拼音, lit. put together sounds
Pekoe 
from Amoy 白毫, lit. white downy hair
Q
Qi 
from Mandarin 氣 (qì), air
Qipao 
from 旗袍 (qípáo), female traditional Chinese clothing (male version: cheongsam)
R
Ramen 
Japanese ラーメン, gairaigo, from Chinese 拉麵 (Lamian) lit. pulled noodle. Ramen refers to a particular style flavored to Japanese taste and is somewhat different from Chinese lamian.
S
Sampan 
from Cantonese 舢舨, the name of such vessel.
shanghai 
from Chinese city Shanghai, to put someone aboard a ship by trickery or intoxication; to put someone in a bad situation or press someone into work by trickery. From an old practice of using this method to acquire sailors for voyages to Shanghai.
shantung
from Mandarin 山東，"shantung" (or sometimes "Shantung") is a wild silk fabric made from the silk of wild silkworms and is usually undyed.
Shaolin 
from Mandarin 少林, One of the most important Kungfu clans.
Shar Pei 
from Cantonese 沙皮, lit. sand skin.
Shih Tzu 
from Mandarin 獅子狗, lit. Chinese lion dog
Shogun 
Japanese 将軍, from Chinese 將軍, lit. general (of) military. The full title in Japanese was Seii Taishōgun (征夷大将軍), "generalissimo who overcomes the barbarians"
Sifu 
from Cantonese 师傅, (Mandarin shīfu), master.
Silk 
possibly from 'si' 絲, lit. silk
Souchong 
from Cantonese 小種茶 (siúchúng ch'ā), lit. small kind tea
Soy 
From Japanese shoyu 醤油, Chinese 醬油, (Mandarin jiàngyóu).
T
Tai Chi 
from Mandarin 太極, "Great Ultimate."
Tai Chi Ch'üan 
usually miswritten as Tai Chi Chuan, a form of physical discipline, from Mandarin 太極拳，lit, "(fist =) Great Ultimate Fighting."
Tai-Pan 
from Cantonese 大班 (daaibaan), lit. big rank (similar to big shot)
Tangram 
from Chinese Tang (唐) + English gram
Tao　 and Taoism 
(also Dao/Daoism) from Mandarin 道 dào
Tea 
from the Amoy dialect for tea 茶, which is pronounced "tey".
Tofu 
Japanese 豆腐, lit. bean curd from Chinese 豆腐 (Mandarin dòufu).
Tong 
from Cantonese 堂
tung oil
from Chinese 桐油 tóng yóu, oil expressed from nuts of the tong tree
Tycoon 
via Japanese 大官, lit. high official; or 大君, lit. great nobleman
Typhoon 
via Arabic طوفان; ultimately from 颱風 not to be confused with the monster typhon.
W
Wok 
from Cantonese 鑊
Won ton 
from Cantonese 雲吞 , lit. 'cloud swallow' as a description of its shape, similar to Mandarin 餛飩
Wushu 
from Mandarin 武術, lit. martial arts
Wuxia 
from Mandarin 武侠 , lit. martial arts and chivalrous
Y
Yamen 
from Mandarin 衙門, lit. court
Yen (craving) 
from Cantonese 癮, lit. addiction (to opium)
Yen (Japanese currency) 
Japanese 円 en, from Chinese 圓 (Mandarin yuán), lit. round, name of currency unit
Yin Yang 
陰陽 from Mandarin 'Yin' meaning feminine, dark and 'Yang' meaning masculine and bright
Z
Zen 
Japanese 禅, from Chinese 禪 (Mandarin Chán), originally from Sanskrit ध्यान Dhyāna / Pali झन jhāna.

- 高氯酸对阿胶进行湿法消化后, 用导数火焰原子吸收光谱技术测定阿胶中的铜、“中药三大宝, 人参、鹿茸和阿胶。”阿胶的药用已有两千多年的悠久历史, 历代宫① 马作峰.论疲劳源于肝脏[J].广西中医药,2008,31(1):31.① 史丽萍,马东明, 解丽芳等.力竭性运动对小鼠肝脏超微结构及肝糖原、肌糖元含量的影响[J]. 辽宁中医杂志,① 王辉武,吴行明,邓开蓉.《内经》“肝者罢极之本”的临床价值[J] . 成都中医药大学学报,1997,20(2):9.① 杨维益,陈家旭,王天芳等.运动性疲劳与中医肝脏的关系[J].北京中医药大学学报. 1996,19(1):8.1 运动性疲劳与肝脏① 张俊明.“高效强力饮”增强运动机能的临床[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1989，8（2）：10117 种水解蛋白氨基酸。总含量在56.73%～82.03%。霍光华②采用硝酸-硫酸消化法和18（4）：372-374.1995,206．2② 林华,吕国枫,官德正等. 衰竭运动小鼠肝损伤的实验性[J].天津体育学院党报, 1994,9(4):9-11.② 凌家杰.肝与运动性疲劳关系浅谈[J].湖南中医学院学报.2003，2（6）31.② 凌家杰.肝与运动性疲劳关系浅谈[J].湖南中医学院学报.2003，23（6）：31.② 谢敏豪等.训练结合用中药补剂强力宝对小鼠游泳耐力与肌肉和肝Gn, LDH 和MDH 的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂② 杨维益,陈家旭,王天芳等.运动性疲劳与中医肝脏的关系[J].北京中医药大学学报. 1996,19(1):8.2.1 中药复方2.2 单味药33 阿胶和复方阿胶浆③ 常世和等.参宝片对机体机能影响的[J].中国运动医学杂志，1991，10（1）：49.③ 聂晓莉，李晓勇等.慢性疲劳大鼠模型的建立及其对肝功能的影响[J]. 热带医学杂志，2007,7(4)：323-325.3.1 概述3.2 关于阿胶和复方阿胶浆医疗保健作用的3.2.1 营养成分和评价3.2.2 阿胶的药理作用3.2.3 阿胶的临床应用4④ Xie MH, etal．Effects of "Hong jing tian she 1u" on reproductive axis function and exercise capacities in men. The5⑤ 周志宏等．补肾益元方对运动小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志，2001，20（1）：83-84202-204.5`"InternationalCourseandConferenceonPhysiologicalChemistry and Natrition of exercise and training (Abstract)6⑥ 杨维益等．中药复方“体复康”对运动性疲劳大鼠血乳酸、p 一内啡肤、亮氨酸及强啡肤Al-13 影响的实验研⑥。仙灵口服液可提高机体运动能力，加速运动后血乳酸的消除。F3 口服液能调整PCO2⑧ 孙晓波等．鹿茸精强壮作用的[J].中药药理与临床，1987，3（3）：11.⑨ 于庆海等．高山红景天抗不良刺激的药理[J]．中药药理与临床，1995，7（7）：283.⑩ 牛锐．淫羊藿炮制前后对小鼠血浆睾丸酮及附近性器官的影响[J]．中国中药杂志，1989,14(9):18．P<0.01), 其他肝功能相关指标未见异常(P> 0.05) 。肝脏是动物机体重要脏器之一,Pi，同疲），肝主筋，人之运动皆由于筋，故为罢极之本”。人体肝脏的功能活动也必阿胶, 味甘性平, 入肺、肝、肾经, 具有补血止血、滋阴润肺的功效。《神农本阿胶,又称驴皮胶,为马科动物驴的皮去毛后熬制而成的胶块,是中国医药宝库中阿胶、熟地配伍能使补而不滋腻, 共奏益气补血之功, 主要治疗各种原因导致的气血阿胶对细有促进作用；提示阿胶能提高机体免疫功能。 另外阿胶具阿胶具有很好的止血作用，常用来治疗阴虚火旺、血脉受伤造成的出血。比如，阿胶能治疗缺铁性贫血，再生障碍性贫血等贫血症状，阿胶对血小板减少，白细阿胶是一类明胶蛋白，经水解分离得到多种氨基酸，阿胶具有很多的药理作用和阿胶又称驴皮胶, 为马科动物驴的皮去毛后熬制而成的胶块。中药界有句口头禅:阿胶中的营养成分比较多，主要有蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸、金属元素、硫酸皮肤。把阿胶应用于运动员或人群中的实践应用性，具有很大的潜力和市场前景，白血病、鼻咽癌、食道癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等。阿胶不温不燥，老少皆宜，一年四季均伴随现代竞技体育的强度越来越大，运动员在大运动量训练后出现的各种疲劳征象，胞减少等症也具有效果明显效果；另外，经配伍，阿胶可用来治疗多种出血症。医学保健作用，阿胶具有耐缺氧、耐寒冷、抗疲劳和增强免疫功能作用；同时，阿胶具有本文的目的意义有以下两个方面：一是通过阿胶的抗疲劳能力，来进一
本以运动性疲劳相关症状明显的篮球运动员为对象，以谷丙转氨酶、谷表明，阿胶还用于治疗妊娠期胎动不安，先兆流产,习惯性流产等。对于月经病步了解运动员服用阿胶以后，不但能够使男女运动员的谷草转氨酶含量水平、谷丙转参促进人体对糖原和三磷酸腺苷等能源物质的合理利用, 并使剧烈运动时产生的乳草经》将其列为上品。《本草纲目》载阿胶“疗吐血衄血, 血淋尿血, 肠风下痢, 女草转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶、总胆红素、白蛋白和白蛋白/球蛋白含量水平为测定指标，产生运动。从中医学的观点来看，筋就是聚集在一起的肌肉束，膜是筋的延长和扩布；常所说的肌腱和韧带等器官，韧带和肌腱坚韧有力。通过韧带和肌腱伸缩牵拉骨骼肌充在筋”, 也就说明了筋的功能受到肝脏的调节, 所以, 医家大多从筋与肝相关的角除运动后的疲劳, 已经成为运动医学领域的热点,而中医药在改善、消除运动性促进肌肉和肝脏有氧氧化能力的作用③。 红景天圣露能促进机体运动后的恢复和消除促进血液凝固和抗贫血作用，有提高血红蛋白红细胞，白细胞和血小板的作用。到影响。的变化, 主要表现为部分肝细胞破裂, 内容物进入窦状隙, 未受损的肝细胞糖原明的核心问题之一, 也是运动训练学所要克服的核心问题之一, 疲劳是机体的一的滋补类药品；因始产于聊城东阿，故名阿胶，距今已有两千多年的生产历史；最早低分子肽含量分别是15%～45%、10.97%～13.18% 。霍光华③采用标准水解法和氨基低运动后血清尿素氮含量； 加速体内尿素氮及血乳酸的清除速率；提高小鼠的游泳点、“肝之合筋”的观点、“肝者,其充在筋” 的观点、“食气入胃,散精于肝,淫气于动领域的广泛应用。动性疲劳关系最为密切者当首推肝脏。动性疲劳后机体恢复作用和机制的十分活跃。动员和贮备，以及机体对运动刺激的适应和运动后的疲劳的恢复起到重要的促进作用度阐述肝与疲劳的关系, 其实肝尚可通过脏腑气血等多个途径影响疲劳感的产生和度的DS 标准液, 加适量天青Ⅰ试液, 536nm 处测定吸收值, 建立工作曲线回归方程。对于运动产生的机理, 中医学解释比较通俗易懂, 即：韧带和肌腱的伸缩牵拉骨对运动性疲劳的多集中于中枢疲劳与外周肌肉疲劳，而较少涉及肝脏实质器而略于补立法，以健脾保肝、补中益气组方的确是防治运动性疲劳的一条新思新。故发挥和延缓运动性疲劳的产生都能起积极而有效的作用。总之,体力和脑力的产生均复的适应能力②。复方阿胶浆是由阿胶、红参、党参、熟地、山楂等药组成, 主入肝、脾两经。方肝，人动血运于经,”的论述。明确指出运动能力与肝和血密切相关。这种“动则血肝脾同处于中心位置，共同掌管着气化的职责，所以运动性疲劳的气虚神乏大多是由肝损害可导致动物运动能力下降, 也有大量实验观察了急性力竭疲劳对动物肝脏的肝糖原、肌糖元含量下降, 其程度随着衰竭运动次数增加而增加。林华等②通过对衰肝有关，由此可以推测神经递质、激素的释放等生理活动均同肝脏有密切关系。再者肝与筋的关系非常密切，在许多著作中都阐述了这一观点。如“肝主筋” 的观肝脏对内分泌具有促进作用。中医认为，胆汁的分泌、女子的排卵、男子的排精均主藏血、主筋，为“罴极之本”，有储藏营血与调节血量的作用,是提供运动所肝主疏泄，调畅气机，对气血津液的生成、输布和代谢有着重要意义。就运动生高山红景天在疲劳情况下能提高机体持续工作的时间，维持血压、心率的正常水高小鼠肝糖原的储备量； 降低运动后血清尿素氮含量；加速体内尿素氮及血乳酸的骼肌产生运动。《素问•六节藏象论》曰：“肝者,罢极之本,魂之居也, 其华在爪, 其个特别复杂的生理生化过程。 总的说来，疲劳可分为生理疲劳和心理疲劳。 1982工作能力的作用①。强力宝能促进肌肉和肝脏有氧氧化能力的作用②。参宝片也能具有官的疲劳。肝脏作为人体重要的脏器，与运动性疲劳的关系极为密切。国际运动医学协会主席普罗科朴(Polo1Capur) 认为运动性疲劳问题是运动医学过度的训练、残酷的比赛引起的缺氧、强应激反应会导致机体的神经内分泌系统、心过去一段时间，抗运动性疲劳传统上单纯采用补的模式,现在，中医药抗疲劳出还认为“食气入胃，全赖肝木之气以疏泄之，而水谷乃化，气血方得以运生”，说明和血虚者，如服用阿胶补益，也具有良好的效果。临床上充分发挥阿胶的养血、补血、恢复正常，促进酸碱平衡的恢复，减少碱性物质的消耗⑦。机体的血量增加,以便增加通气/血流比值。肝内所贮存的血液就会更多的向机体全身肌腱和韧带等器官的力量。筋和筋膜向内连着五脏六腑，肝将脾输送来的精微之气浸、涉水等劳动或运动都称为“劳”, 而竞技体育由于其具有大运动量、高强度的加⑧。剑, 便无踪无影。阿娇日日夜夜在狮耳山、狼溪河附近狩猎。最后, 用利剑杀死了一奖牌呢?毫无疑问是靠长时间艰苦的训练，然而伴随现代竞技体育的强度越来越大，娇, 决心要找到救治此病的特效药物, 为民解忧。阿娇姑娘日以继夜地爬山涉水, 不竭性运动后小鼠肝脏超微结构的观