感觉器总论视器.pptx

January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 感 觉 器 Sensory organs兰州大学基础医学院人体解剖学教研室兰州大学基础医学院人体解剖学教研室January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 概 述感觉器(sensory organs)是感受器及其附属结构的总称，是机体感受刺激的装置。感受器的功能是接受机体内、外环境的各种不同刺激，并将其转变为神经冲动或神经兴奋。感觉感觉神经神经中枢中枢产生感觉高级高级中枢中枢神经冲动运动运动神经神经效应器效应器January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 正常情况下，一种感受器一种感受器只能对某一适宜的刺激某一适宜的刺激特别敏感。感觉器的种类繁多，形态和功能各异。特殊感觉器或感觉器官是由感受器感受器及其辅助装置辅助装置共同构成的特殊感觉器官。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 感受器的分类以感受其所在的部位、接受刺激的来源可分为三类：外感受器：外感受器：分布在皮肤、粘膜、视器和听器皮肤、粘膜、视器和听器等处，感受来自外界环境的刺激；内感受器内感受器：分布于内脏器官和心血管内脏器官和心血管等处，接受物 理刺激和化学刺激；本体感受器：本体感受器：分布在肌、肌腱、关节和内耳的位觉器肌、肌腱、关节和内耳的位觉器 等处，接受机体运动和平衡变化时所产 生的刺激。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 以感受器特化的程度可分为两类：一般感受器：分布在全身各部；特殊感受器：分布在眼、耳、鼻、口，包括视、听、平衡、嗅、味等感受器。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 视 器视器(visual organ)由眼球和眼副器共同构成。眼球：接受光波的刺激 转变为神经冲动 经视觉传导通路 至大脑视觉中枢 产生视觉。眼副器：位于眼球的周围或附近，包括眼睑、结膜、泪器、眼球外肌、眶脂体和眶筋膜等，对眼球起支持、保护和运动作用。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 第一节 眼 球第二节 眼副器第三节 眼的血管和神经视 器January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 第一节 眼 球眼球(eyeball)由眼球壁和眼球的内容物构成。眼球眼球 眼球壁内容物房水晶状体玻璃体纤维膜血管膜视网膜角膜巩膜虹膜睫状体脉络膜虹膜部脉络膜部睫状体部盲部盲部视部视部January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 一、眼球壁从外向内眼球壁分为三层：眼球纤维膜眼球纤维膜眼球血管膜眼球血管膜眼球视网膜眼球视网膜January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（一）眼球纤维膜：可分为角膜和巩膜两部分。角膜(cornea)眼球纤维膜的前1/6，富有弹性，有屈光作用，无色透明，无血管但富有感觉神经末梢。其营养物质一般认为有3个来源：角膜周围的毛细血管、泪液和房水。巩膜(sclera)眼球纤维膜的后5/6，厚而坚韧，乳白色不透明。靠近角膜缘处的巩膜实质内，有环形的巩膜静脉窦，是房水流出的通道。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（二）眼球血管膜：富有血管、神经和色素，棕黑色，由前向后分为虹膜、睫状体和脉络膜。右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 虹膜(iris)呈冠状位，是血管膜最前部的圆盘形薄膜。眼球前面断面 瞳孔(pupil)眼房(chambers of eyeball)January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 虹膜、瞳孔虹膜、瞳孔眼球前半部后面观晶状体瞳孔虹膜睫状体睫状小带视网膜脉络膜巩膜January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 在虹膜的基质内，有两种平滑肌纤维：瞳孔括约肌：环绕瞳孔周缘呈环形排列，可缩小瞳孔，由副交感神经支配。瞳孔开大肌：在瞳孔周围呈放射状排列，可开大瞳孔，由交感神经支配。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 睫状体(ciliary body)是血管膜中最肥厚的部分，有调节晶状体曲度和产生房水的作用。其前部有许多向内突出呈放射状排列的皱襞，称为睫状突；其后部较为平坦，为睫状环；睫状体内的平滑肌，称睫状肌，由副交感神经支配。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 脉络膜(choroid)占血管膜的后2/3，后方有视神经穿过。作用是供应球内组织营养和吸收眼内分散光线以免扰乱视线。右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（三）视网膜(retina)在血管的内面，分为两层。色素上皮层神经层January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 视网膜自前向后分三部：虹膜部 盲部睫状体部 脉络膜部 视部视网膜January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 右侧眼底 视神经乳头视神经乳头 黄斑黄斑 中央凹中央凹January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 视网膜视部的神经层主要有三层神经细胞组成 视网膜的神经细胞示意图January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 二、眼球的内容物眼球的内容物透明而无血管，具有屈光作用，与角膜合称为眼的屈光装置。眼球的内容物包括三部分：右眼球水平断面房水晶状体玻璃体January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（一）房水(aqueous humor)：无色透明的液体，充满在眼房内。其功能是为角膜和晶状体提供营养并维持正常的眼内压。房水的循环如下：睫状体产生 眼后房 瞳孔 眼前房 虹膜角膜角 巩膜静脉窦 睫前静脉 眼上、下静脉January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（二）晶状体(lens)位于虹膜的后方、晶状体的前方，呈双凸透镜状，前面曲度小，后面曲度大。右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 晶状体是屈光系统的主要装置，曲度随所视物体的远近不同而改变。晶状体的调节如下视近物时：睫状体内纵行肌纤维收缩 牵引脉络膜向前 睫状突内伸 睫状小带松弛 晶状体借助弹性变凸 看近物 视远物时，与之相反。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（三）玻璃体(vitreous body)无色透明的胶状物质，表面被覆玻璃体膜。约占眼球内腔的4/5。玻璃体前面以晶状体及其悬韧带为界，呈凹面状，称玻璃体凹。右眼球水平断面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 第二节 眼副器眼副器(accessory organs of eyes)对眼球起支持、保护和运动作用。包括：眼睑结膜泪器眼球外肌眶脂体和 眶筋膜 经右眼 瞳孔矢 状切面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 一、眼睑眼睑(palpebrace)位于眼球的前方，分上睑和下睑。上睑 下睑 睑裂 内眦 外眦 睑缘 睫毛右眼前面观January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 眼睑由浅至深可分5层：皮肤细薄；皮下组织疏松，缺乏脂肪 组织；肌层主要是眼轮匝肌睑部睑板半月形致密结缔组织 板，上下各一，内含 睑板腺；睑结膜衬于眼睑的最内面。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 睑睑 板板January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 二、结膜 结膜(conjunctiva)是一层薄而光滑、富含血管的粘膜，透明，覆盖在眼球的前面和眼睑的后面。可分三部：睑结膜球结膜结膜穹隆右右 眼眼 眶眶矢矢状状切切面面January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 三、泪器 泪腺 泪器(lacrimal aparatus)泪点 泪小管 泪道 泪囊 鼻泪管January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（一）泪腺(lacrimal land)位于眶上壁前外侧部的泪腺窝内，分泌泪液。泪腺的作用有：防止角膜干燥和冲洗微尘；灭菌作用。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（二）泪小管(lacrimal ductule)为连接泪点和泪小囊的小管。分上泪小管和下泪小管，它们分别垂直上、下行，之后汇集在一起开口于泪囊上部。泪湖：内眦附近一圆钝微凹陷的空隙；泪阜：泪湖底部的蔷薇色隆起；泪乳头：上、下睑缘附近内侧端的小隆起；泪点：泪乳头顶部的小孔。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（三）泪囊(lacrimal sac)位于眶内侧壁前部的泪囊窝中，为一膜性的盲端。上端为盲端，下端移行为鼻泪管。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG （四）鼻泪管(nasolacrimal duct)为膜性管道。上部包埋在骨性鼻泪管中；下部在鼻腔外侧壁粘膜的深面，开口于下鼻道外侧壁的前部。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 四、眼球外肌眼球外肌(extraocular muscles)均为骨骼肌，包括：4块直肌、2块斜肌和上睑提肌。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 上睑提肌：起自视神经管前上方的眶壁，前端为腱膜，止于上睑的皮肤、上睑板。此肌收缩可上提眼睑，开大眼裂，由动眼神经支配。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 运动眼球的各直肌共同起自视神经管周围和眶上裂内侧的总腱环，在赤道的前方，分别止于巩膜的上、下、内侧和外侧。上直肌内直肌下直肌外直肌上斜肌下斜肌January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 向上外（下斜肌）向上内（上直肌）向外 向内（外直肌）（内直肌）向下外（上斜肌）向下内（下直肌）January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 眼球的正常运动，并非单一肌肉的收缩，而是两眼数条肌协同作用的结果。聚视中线两眼内直肌仰视上直肌下斜肌俯视下直肌上斜肌侧视一侧眼的外直肌另一侧眼的内直肌January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 五、眶脂体和眶筋膜（一）眶脂体(adipose body of orbit)是填充于眼球、眼外球肌与眶骨膜之间的脂肪组织团块。功能是固定眶内各种软组织，对眼球、视神经、血管和泪器起弹性软垫样的保护作用，尤其是使眼球运动自如。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（二）眶筋膜(orbital fasciae)眶骨膜：疏松地衬于眶壁的内面，在面前部与周围骨膜相续，在视神经管处与硬脑膜的外层相续。眼球筋膜鞘：是眶脂体与眼球之间的薄而致密的纤维膜，又称Tenon囊，向前在角膜缘后方与巩膜融合在一起，向后与视神经硬膜鞘结合。眶肌筋膜鞘：呈鞘状包绕各眼球外肌。眶隔：在上睑板的上缘和下睑板的下缘各有一连于眶上缘的眶下缘的薄层结缔组织，它们称为眶隔。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 第三节 眼的血管和神经January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 一、眼的动脉眼球和眶内结构血液供应主要来自于眼动脉。颈内动脉穿过海绵窦后发出眼动脉，眼动脉经视神经管入眶，先居视神经外侧，再到视神经上方，向前行于上斜肌和上直肌之间，终支出眶，终于额动脉。主要分支有：视网膜中央动脉 睫后短动脉 睫后长动脉 睫前动脉January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 眼动脉发出 视网膜中央动脉 行于视神经下方距眼球10-15mm处 在视神经下方穿入视神经鞘走行0.9-2.5mm行于视神经内直至巩膜后视神经盘视网膜鼻侧上支视网膜颞侧上支视网膜鼻侧下支视网膜颞侧下支上支下支（一）视网膜中央动脉：是供应视网膜内层的唯一动脉，阻塞时可导致全盲。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG（二）睫后短动脉：又称脉络膜动脉，在视神经周围穿入巩膜，分布于脉络膜。（三）睫后长动脉：又称虹膜动脉，在视神经内、外侧穿入巩膜，在巩膜和脉络膜间前行直达睫状体，发出三个分支：回归动脉支睫状肌分支虹膜动脉大环支（四）睫前动脉：营养巩膜前部、虹膜和睫状体。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 二、眼的静脉眼球内的静脉主要有：视网膜中央静脉：与同名动脉伴行，收纳视网膜的血液回流；涡静脉：是中膜的主要静脉，收集虹膜、睫状体和脉络膜的血液回流；睫前静脉：收集眼球前份的虹膜等处的血液回流。眼上静脉：起自眶内上角，经眶上裂注入海绵窦；眼下静脉：收集附近眼肌、泪囊和眼睑的静脉血；January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 眼静脉无瓣膜，向前在内眦处与面静脉的内眦静脉有吻合，向后注入海绵窦，故面部感染可经眼静脉侵入海绵窦引起颅内感染；因两侧的海绵窦相通连，一侧的眶内感染可经海绵窦引起对侧的眶内感染。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 三、眼的神经视神经(optic nerve)：起于眼球后极内侧约3mm，行向后内，穿视神经管入颅中窝。眼球外肌的神经支配：动眼神经上睑提肌上直肌内直肌下直肌下斜肌上斜肌外直肌滑车神经展 神 经January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 动眼神经 瞳孔括约肌睫状肌副交感神经纤维交感神经纤维 瞳孔开大肌眼球内肌的神经支配：感觉神经来自三叉神经的眼支；面神经支配泪腺的分泌。January,2007Copyright Depart.Anatomy,School of Medicine,Lanzhou University.All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG 思考题简述眼球的构成。何谓眼球的屈光系统？视近物与远物时，睫状肌与晶状体发生什么样的变化？人眼中视力最敏锐的部位在哪儿？视神经盘有什么生理性特点？简述房水的产生与循环途径。简述泪液的产生与排泄途径。7块眼球外肌的作用各是什么？它们分别由哪些神经来支配？