初中英语语法汇总总.pptx

主讲人：侯晓岚Maanshan TV UniversityEnglishGrammar人称代词人称代词 物主代词物主代词 反身代词反身代词 不定代词不定代词 代词综合练习代词综合练习名词名词 冠词冠词 数词数词 介词介词 动词动词 do 动词动词 have there be 结构结构 情态动词情态动词 时间表达法 形容词（副词）的比较级和最高级 选择疑问句选择疑问句 祈使句祈使句 感叹句感叹句 状语从句状语从句 时态：时态：一般现在时一般现在时 练习练习 现在进行时现在进行时 练习练习 一般将来时一般将来时 练习练习 一般过去时一般过去时 练习练习人称代词：人称代词：代替人或事物的代词叫人称代词代替人或事物的代词叫人称代词.人称代词有主人称代词有主 格和宾格之分格和宾格之分.主格一般在句子中作主语，宾格在句子中作主格一般在句子中作主语，宾格在句子中作 动词或介词的宾语动词或介词的宾语.人称人称 主格主格 宾格宾格 第一人称第一人称 I(单数单数)me we(复数复数)us 第二人称第二人称 you(单单复数复数)you 第三人称第三人称 he(单数单数)him she(单数单数)her it(单数单数)it they(复数复数)them注意：注意：it 能被用来代替一个东西、一个动物或一个未知的人能被用来代替一个东西、一个动物或一个未知的人.they能能被用来代替两个或两个以上的东西、动物或人被用来代替两个或两个以上的东西、动物或人.例：动词的主语例：动词的主语 动词的宾语动词的宾语 介词的宾语介词的宾语 I like Wendy.Wendy likes me.Wendy is fond of me.He likes Wendy Wendy likes him.Wendy is fond of him.Grammar模仿示例模仿示例,用括号里代词的正确形式完成下列句子用括号里代词的正确形式完成下列句子.例如：例如：Mary is talking to me (I/me)on the phone.1.(We/Us)went swimming at the beach yesterday.2.(He/Him)is Michaels good friend.3 I havent seen(they/them)for a long time.4.I like my boss because(he/him)is very friendly.5.Kitty is older than(I/me)but(I/me)am older than Susan.6.I told(he/him)to wait but(he/him)didnt.7.A:Who took my radio?B:(I/Me)have no idea who took(it/him).8.A:Where are the football player?B:There(they/them)are.9.A:Is that Kenneth over there?B:Yes,thats(he/him).10.A:Is Raymond hard-working?B:Yes,(he/him)is.Everyone in the office respects(he/him).练习练习物主代词：物主代词：也称代词的所有格也称代词的所有格.表明谁的某物或某物归属表明谁的某物或某物归属 于谁于谁.分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词.形容词性形容词性 物主代词只能作定语，后面必须跟有名词物主代词只能作定语，后面必须跟有名词.名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 相当于形容词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词名词.人称人称 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称第一人称 my(单单)/our(复复)mine(单单)ours(复复)第二人称第二人称 your(单单/复复)yours(单单/复复)第三人称第三人称 his her its(单单)/their(复复)his hers its(单单)/theirs(复复)注意：区分注意：区分 its 与与 its.its 是是 it 的形容词性和名词性物主代词，的形容词性和名词性物主代词，its 是是 it is 或或 it has 的缩写的缩写例：形容词性物主代词例：形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 Thats my pen.That pen is mine.This is our money.This money is ours.These are your shoes.These shoes are yours.Those are his goldfish.Those goldfish are his.Thats her file.That file is hers.That is its food.That food is its.These are their toys.These toys are theirs.Grammar模仿示例模仿示例,用括号里的词开头用括号里的词开头,改写下列句子改写下列句子.例如：例如：Their books are on the table.(The books)The books on the table are theirs.1.Their red shirts are on the chair.(The red shirts)2.Your room is the first one on the fourth floor.(The first room)3.My school bag is under the table.(The school bag)4.Her piano is in the sitting room.(The piano)5.My poster is the biggest one on the notice-board.(The biggest poster)6.Their office is next to Johns.(The office)7.His car is at the end of the street.(The car)8.Our classroom is the biggest one in the school.(The biggest classroom)9.Her glasses are on the TV.(The glasses)10.His letters are on my desk.(The letters)练习练习Key:1.The red shirts on the chair are theirs.2.The first room on the fourth floor is yours.3.The school bag under the table is mine.4.The piano in the sitting room is hers.5.The biggest poster on the notice-board is mine.6.The office next to Johns is theirs.7.The car at the end of the street is his.8.The biggest classroom in the school is ours.9.The glasses on the TV are hers.10.The letters on my desk are his.反身代词反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)表示反射或强调的代词以表示反射或强调的代词以-self 或或-selves 结尾。结尾。一、反身代词的一、反身代词的构成二、用法：二、用法：1、在句中作宾语。表示动作回射到动作执行者本身。、在句中作宾语。表示动作回射到动作执行者本身。e.g.He always thinks of himself.The girl can wash herself now.2、在句中用来加强语气，表示、在句中用来加强语气，表示“亲自亲自”“本人本人”的意的意思。思。e.g.You can do it yourself.I must see the headmaster himself.Grammar反身代词的反身代词的构成 人称人称 单数单数 复数复数 第一人称第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称第二人称 yourself yourselves himself 第三人称第三人称 herself themselves itself第一、二人称由形容词性物主代词加第一、二人称由形容词性物主代词加-self/-selves 构成构成.第三人称由人称代词宾格形式加第三人称由人称代词宾格形式加-self/-selves 构成构成.所有的重音均在这个音节上所有的重音均在这个音节上.GrammarFill in the blanks with reflexive pronounces:（用反身代词填空）（用反身代词填空）1.She teaches English.2.They enjoy at the party every Saturday evening.3.Today Im going to buy a tennis racket.4.Please make at home,children.5.Tim often forces to sleep late.6.Can you see in the photograph?7.She lives by .8.We make sandwiches for .9.The old lady always talks to .10.Paul is pleased with because he does well in his work.herselfthemselvesmyselfyourselveshimselfherselfherselfhimselfyourselfourselves练习练习不定代词不定代词 some,any,no.some,any,no 都既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词。都既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词。Some 一般用在肯定一般用在肯定 句中。句中。e.g.He asked me some questions.There are some children outside.There is some milk in the fridge.Some of us agree with the statement and some disagree.Some people are early risers.Mother is doing some washing now.Some 也可用在表示也可用在表示请求请求、建议建议的疑问的疑问 句中，希望回答句中，希望回答yese.g.Will you get me some matches?Would you like some coffee?Why dont you get some people to help you?Do you need some help?Grammar Any 用在否定和疑问句中。用在否定和疑问句中。e.g.Are there any stamps in the drawer?I havent got any work to do.Do you know any good doctor?Let me know right away if you have any news.Did she give you any?Any 也可用在肯定句中，表示也可用在肯定句中，表示任何任何。e.g.Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.Come any day you like.Any time you want me,just send for me.Grammar No 只能作定语。只能作定语。no=not any,not a(an)e.g.There are no letters for you today.He is no friend of mine.No boy in the class has ever seen the sea.No 用于警告、命令等标识。用于警告、命令等标识。e.g.No smoking!No parking!Grammar 用用 some,any 和和 no 填空：填空：I want to buy _new clothes,but I havent got _ money.There arent _ seats left on the bus.I had _ sweets,but my sister didnt have _.She saw _ squirrels in the park yesterday.He heard _ noises outside his bedroom window last night.They dont have _ tickets for the concert.Why isnt there _ bread in the kitchen?Mother bought _ just this afternoon.Were there _ telephone calls for me while I was away?Boy:Have you got _ friends near where you live?Girl:_,but not many.someanyanysomeanysomesomeanyanysomeanyanysome练习练习 Have Mr Mrs Harris got _ children?We went to see _ clowns at the circus.Jane has got _ new shoes.Theyre lovely!Dont you have _ lessons today?Peter has _ friends.I am sorry for him.I dont want _ vegetables,thank you.Have they _ oranges in the market today?Peters a bad boy.He does _ work at all and plays all day.Ive got _ potatoes,_ onions and _ carrots,but I cant find _ tomatoes.Why has John got _ classes today?-Because there arent _ in our school,today.anysomesomeanynoanyanynosomesomesomeanyanyno练习练习一、阅读下列疑问句或陈述句一、阅读下列疑问句或陈述句,然后选出最佳答案然后选出最佳答案.1.John,whos that phone call for?A.Thats mine.B.Its for me.C.Is that yours?D.Hes calling me.2.Is Rosanna in her room?A.Yes,this room is hers.B.No,she didnt tell me.C.No,its not her room.D.Yes,she is.3.Is that map on the wall mine?A.Yes,its his.B.No,its not yours.C.No,my map is on the table.D.Yes,Im sure its mine.4.My mother is a nurse.A.The nurse is mine.B.The housewife is my mother.C.Mine is a doctor.D.Me too.5.Their school uniforms are purple and white.A.Ours are blue and green.B.We are the same.C.White is his color.D.Your color is green.语法练习语法练习6.Do you know where my camera is?A.Oh,your camera is a nice one.B.No,I only know how to use mine.C.No,I know nothing about cameras.D.Yes,its on the sofa.7.Whose examination results are better?A.I do.B.Its me.C.Mine are.D.They are mine.8.My favorite color is purple.A.Hes yellow.B.Its red to me.C.Theirs is orange.D.Is he black?9.Marys in Hospital.A.Im sorry to hear that.B.She is bad.C.Its very unfortunate of her D.Shell recover soon.10.Is this raincoat his?A.Yes,its mine.B.It must be him.C.No,I think its yours.D.Yes,his raincoat is over there.语法练习语法练习二、二、In the following exercise,put the verbs in brackets in the Present Simple,put in the missing possessive adjectives*,and put in the missing personal pronouns#.(用括号内动词的一般现在时填空，并在用括号内动词的一般现在时填空，并在*处填上适当处填上适当 的物的物主代词，在主代词，在#处填上适当的人称代词处填上适当的人称代词.）Brian and Tom _(work)in London.James _(be)_*friend.James _(introduce)_#to _*mother and father.James also_(have)a sister._*name _(be)Jane and _#_(be)an engineer.John_(be)a friend of Brian and Tom too._#_(come)from a city in Australia.Andrew and John _(be)doctors.Andrew _(like)John,but _(not/like)Tom.Tom _(work)with _*daughter._#_(be)engineers.workisthemintroducestheirlikesshehisis HerhascomesHeisisaredoesnt likearehisworksThey语法练习语法练习三、三、Fill in the gaps below with the correct pronouns.（用代词的恰当形式填空（用代词的恰当形式填空.）1)English people love dogs.buy expensive food（购买昂贵的食物）（购买昂贵的食物）for ，talk to and sometimes sleep with on beds.The dogs dont sleep on own（自己的）（自己的）beds but on ！2)John loves brother,Tom.always walks to school with and helps with homework.does own homework,and sometimes does brothers too！Tom doesnt do it .3)My friend and I love teacher，Miss Brown.like lessons very much.are interesting and is always happy.theirtheirthemTheythemthemtheirstheirhishimHehimselfhimhisHehishisourWeTheysheour语法练习语法练习四、四、Complete this table.（填写下表）（填写下表）(人称代词人称代词)Personal Pronouns 主格主格 宾格宾格 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 反身代词反身代词Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive I yours himself her its ourselves yourselves They语法练习语法练习meyourselfherself themselvesmyselfyoumyyouryoumineheherhershishimhissheititselfitsitusourweoursyouyouyoursyourthemtheirtheirs五、五、Fill in the blanks with proper pronounces:(用适当的代词填空）用适当的代词填空）1.We must not think only of .(us,ourselves)2.Who will go there with?Nobody,shell go there .(herself,her)3.“Help to some fish.”Mrs Green said to Peter.(yourself,yourselves)4.I cant repair the model ship .(me,myself)5.They cook supper for .(themselves,himself)6.On this trip,you boys need to look after .(yourself,yourselves)7.He gave a present for Christmas.(his,himself)8.He can type the letter .(himself,him)9.Im old enough to dress now.(me,myself)10.One must respect .(one,oneself)ourselvesherherselfyourselfmyselfmyselfthemselvesyourselveshimselfhimselfoneself语法练习语法练习 六、在需要的地方，用六、在需要的地方，用 a,an,some,any,many 填空：填空：1._ policemen in Britain have guns,but only a few of them.2.Do you want _ apple?3.This is _ really beautiful house.4.There are _ five Chinese in my class.5._ friends of my parents live in China.They are Australian.6.Have you _ eggs today?7._ eagle is a big bird.8.John has got _ very big noses.9.What _ beautiful garden!10._ people live in very big houses.11._ students in China want to learn English these days.12.Are there _ policewomen in Hong Kong?Someana/SomeanyAnaaSomeManyany语法练习语法练习 七、用七、用 a,an,some,any 填空：填空：1.Have you got _ flat?2.I want to be _ actor.3.Do you have _ pork?4.John has got _ big feet,but hes _ fast runner.5.You need _ visa to visit _ foreign countries.6.Jane is _ teacher and her parents are _ teachers tool7.These are _ very nice trousers.How much are they?8.Tom always gives Ann _ flowers on her birthday.9.Have you _ rice?10.He gives me _ card every year for my birthday.aanany/aasome(/)a/some(/)anya语法练习语法练习 疑问句：疑问句：英语中有四种疑问句：英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句：一般疑问句：是将句中的助动词、情态动词或连系动词放在主语的是将句中的助动词、情态动词或连系动词放在主语的 前面。通常用前面。通常用 yes 和和 no 来回答。来回答。e.g.Have you locked the door?Yes,I have./No,I havent.Do you know Jack?Yes,I do./No,I dont.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：疑问词疑问词 一般疑问句一般疑问句 要根据实际情况来回答。要根据实际情况来回答。e.g.Who is standing at the window?My sister is.How much does it cost?Fifty yuan.反意疑问句反意疑问句:前面是一个陈述句，后面是一个简略问句。前面是一个陈述句，后面是一个简略问句。用用 yes 和和 no 来回答。来回答。e.g.Their daughter is very clever,isnt she?Jack likes tea,doesnt he?You dont like your job,do you?She is never late for school,is she?Grammar 选择疑问句选择疑问句：两种。要作具体回答：两种。要作具体回答。、前面是一个一般疑问句，后面用、前面是一个一般疑问句，后面用 or 连接一个选择项目。连接一个选择项目。e.g.Shall we go by bus or by train?Do you speak English or French?Shall I do it or will you do it yourself?Are you ready or not?Do you want to buy it or not?、一个特殊疑问句加两个或两个以上的选择（用、一个特殊疑问句加两个或两个以上的选择（用 or 连接）。连接）。e.g.Who do you like better,Tom or Derek?Which do you prefer,coffee or tea?Which ice cream would you like,chocolate,vanilla or strawberry?Grammar 时间表达法：时间表达法：一、数字表达法：一、数字表达法：直接读出数字。直接读出数字。e.g.1:00one(oclock)2:05two five3:15three fifteen5:30five thirty7:45seven forty-five8:58eight fifty-eight二、介词表达法：二、介词表达法：分钟数在半小时之内（含半小时）分钟数在半小时之内（含半小时）,用介词用介词 past.表示表示几点过几分几点过几分.e.g.4:03 three(minutes)past four 6:10 ten past six 9:15 a quarter past nine 2:25 twenty-five past two 11:30 half past eleven分钟数超过半小时的，用分钟数超过半小时的，用 to。表示。表示几点差几分几点差几分.e.g.5:35 twenty-five to six 1:40 twenty to two 3:45 a quarter to four 7:55 five to eight 12:59 one to one*上午和下午的表达：上午和下午的表达：、在时间后加、在时间后加 in the morning 或或 in the afternoon。、在时间后加、在时间后加 a.m.或或 p.m.。Grammar用数字表达法和介词表达法讲出下列时刻：用数字表达法和介词表达法讲出下列时刻：6：15 2：38 11：03 3：56 12：25 4：40 6：30 9：05 1：50 10：35 8：10 5：45 练习练习 名名 词词名词分为名词分为可数名词可数名词和和不可数名词不可数名词两大类两大类.可数名词有单、复可数名词有单、复数之分数之分,名词的数决定谓语动词的数名词的数决定谓语动词的数.不可数名词一般只不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。有单数形式，没有复数形式。可数名词可数名词 table book wallet bag glass light 不可数名词不可数名词 milk water money information tea oil paper可数名词的复数形式有可数名词的复数形式有 规则变化 和和 不规则变化 两种两种.不可数名词可以借助单位词来表示一定的数量。不可数名词可以借助单位词来表示一定的数量。a drop of water,a sheet of paper,a piece of news,a ton of coal 注意：名词的规则变化加注意：名词的规则变化加 s 的的 发音。一些一些 特殊的名词及变化。Grammar 规则变化规则变化是在名词后加是在名词后加-s,具体变化规则如下具体变化规则如下:1、一般情况下一般情况下,加加 s e.g.book-books map-maps teacher-teachers way-ways2、在、在 s,x,sh,ch 后后,加加 es.e.g.bus-buses box-boxes brush-brushes watch-watches3、以辅音字母加、以辅音字母加 y 结尾的结尾的,变变 y 为为 i 再加再加 -es.e.g.family-families factory-factories party-parties diary-diaries4、以、以 f,fe 结尾的结尾的,则变则变 f,fe 为为 v,再加再加 -es.e.g.live-lives knife-knives wife-wives half-halves leaf-leaves5、以辅音字母加、以辅音字母加 o 结尾的结尾的,加加 s.e.g.hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 6、以元音字母加、以元音字母加 o 结尾的结尾的,加加 es.e.g.radio-radios zoo-zoos bamboo-bamboos 7、有些词、有些词(含外来词含外来词)加加-s.需记忆需记忆.e.g.photo-photos piano-pianos memo-memos kilo-kilos Grammar 名词的名词的不规则变化不规则变化，如下，如下:1、变内部元音、变内部元音 foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mice man-men woman-women policeman-policemen 2、单复数同形、单复数同形 Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep3、词尾加、词尾加-en child-children ox-oxenGrammar 名词后加名词后加-s 的的读音读音,如下如下:1、在清辅音后，读、在清辅音后，读/s/lakes desks maps 2、在浊辅音和元音后，读、在浊辅音和元音后，读/z/dogs machines seas drivers 3、在、在/s,z,t,d/后，读后，读/iz/glasses roses dishes churches pages bridges4、在、在/t,d/后，读后，读/ts,dz/parts birds students seeds boats fields注意：注意：有些名词复数的发音，有变化有些名词复数的发音，有变化。house/s/-houses/ziz/cloth/-clothes/z/Grammar 特殊的名词及变化特殊的名词及变化1、有些名词加、有些名词加 s 的形式表示种类。的形式表示种类。两条鱼是两条鱼是 two fish，two fishes 表示两种鱼。表示两种鱼。food 是不可数名词，是不可数名词，foods 表示多种食物。表示多种食物。people 表示表示人人时，是复数名词。只能说时，是复数名词。只能说 two people,many people；一个人一个人 不能说不能说 a people,应该说应该说 a person；a people 表示表示一个民族一个民族，two peoples 表示表示两个民族两个民族。2、有些以、有些以 f,-fe 结尾的词，直接加结尾的词，直接加-s roofs beliefs roofs handkerchiefs safes 有些以有些以 f,-fe 结尾的词，变结尾的词，变 f,-fe 为为 ves 或直接加或直接加-s 皆可。皆可。dwarf dwarfs/dwarves scarf scarfs/scarves 3、复合名词的复数形式、复合名词的复数形式,一般是将主要部分变为复数。一般是将主要部分变为复数。lookers-on passers-by sons-in-law bus-drivers football-players boy-students girl-servants Grammar 由由 man 或或 woman 作为第一部分的复合名词，两个部分皆变复作为第一部分的复合名词，两个部分皆变复 数数 men writers women doctors men cooks women singers 4、有些名词总是用复数形式。、有些名词总是用复数形式。a pair of trousers/shoes/gloves/glasses/shorts/scissors/jeans5、单数集体名词可看作是一个整体，也可看作若干个体。、单数集体名词可看作是一个整体，也可看作若干个体。family class group team police staff crowd audience6、有些名词形式上是复数，却用作单数。、有些名词形式上是复数