高中定语从句和同位语从句详细讲解.doc

.高中定语从句详细讲解一、定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why, that等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：-Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.在本句中，whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，who是引导定语从句的关系代词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。- TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。- Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。- YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。- Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。- MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。- LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。- Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。- Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。- Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。- Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。- Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。- Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。- Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。- Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。- Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。- Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？- Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。- Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。- YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。- Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。- Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。- Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：- Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.= Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.- Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?= Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?三、介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。- Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.= Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。- TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.= TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。- Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.= ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。- Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.= Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。- ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.= ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：、含有介词的短语动词lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。- Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。- ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)- Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。- Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）、若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。（介词后面不可用who和that）- Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。- Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)- TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正) 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。- TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)、“介词+关系代词” 前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：- Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。- Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。- Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。- Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。四、关系副词引导的定语从句 （关系副词 = 介词+关系代词 ）1、when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。- IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。- Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。- October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。- Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2、where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。- ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。- ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。- Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。- Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？3、why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。- Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。- Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。- Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：-(Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountry)hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。-Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。- Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom2、非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：- TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。- InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：- Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。- China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。- LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。六、关系代词选用 高级篇 (一)、限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：- HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？- Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。- Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。- ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。- Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：- Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。- Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：- ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：- ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如：- ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。- Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：- WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：- Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？- WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：- Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。- Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。（二）、关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：- Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。- Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。Which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：- Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。- Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。- John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。- ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：- Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。- Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。1.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：- Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。- Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。- ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：- SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。- Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(三)、以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：- Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。- Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：- A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。 Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。- B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。- C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。 Thisisthereason（that/which）heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。（五）、but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：- Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but=whodont）七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。- TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定语从句）刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。-Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位语从句）他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。-Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。-Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。-Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定语从句)我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。-Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位语从句）我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。-Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（定语从句）他提出的问题让我们很为难。-Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位语从句）他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。如：- A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.- B.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位语从句）地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.- C.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位语从句）请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.Exercises:1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys.A the smallest of which B the smaller of whichC the smallest of them D the smallest one2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in london.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taught before lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in which5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this7.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well.A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which（1-6ABDCBC 7-9B DDC）特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.A. like B. as C. that D. which2. Ive never heard so interesting a story _ you told me.A. as B. that C. of which D. about which3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday.A. that B. which C. as D. like4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear.A. that B. which C. as D. like5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What7. This is the first time _ he has been here.A. that B. when C. at which D. which8. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which答案与简析：1. B。当先行词被such修饰时，定语从句用as引导，即构成结构为such+（a/an）形容词名词as引导的定语从句，意为.像.一样的。整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们原来估计的那样低的价格出售。2. A。由so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一题的解释便可得知答案。as在定语从句中作宾语。整句意为：我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事。3. A4. C。当先行词被same修饰时，定语从句由that或as引导，但意思不同。用that引导定语