LanguageCultureandSociety英语学习外语学习教育专区要点.pptx

ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety21.LanguageandCulture3Whatisculture?vBroadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.vInanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.41.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CvGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.vTheknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeoplesculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.5vAnthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.vBronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):1.Themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext.2.Languagefunctionsasalinkinhumanactivity,amodeofaction.6vJ.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryofthecontextofsituation1.Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.2.Therelevantobjects.3.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.v“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”7vDellHymes(1927-):Ethnographyofcommunication1.Speechsituation.2.Situation,event,andact.3.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key语气语气,instrumentalities语式语式,norms,andgenres8vSapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)vOurlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakersuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.9vEnglish:horseshoeFrench:fer a cheval ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen hoofironvTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.10vLinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords111.2Culture-loadedwordsv烫手的山芋烫手的山芋vs.hotpotatov雨后春笋雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroomv大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友朋友vmeatandpotatoes,meatanddrinktosomeone12vkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵杀鸡取卵”vColdwordsvs.冷言冷语冷言冷语vConstantdroppingwearsthestone.滴滴水穿石水穿石vDiamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手棋逢对手vKillamanwhenheisdown.落井下石落井下石131.3CulturaloverlapanddiffusionvThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.vLoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,gongfu,etc.14Netspeak网络语言v顶顶(支持支持)v555(呜呜呜呜呜呜)vding(顶顶)vmm/MM(妹妹妹妹)vLZ(楼主楼主)vDD/dd(弟弟弟弟)v88(拜拜拜拜)v偶偶(我我)v马甲马甲(ID)vIDv斑竹斑竹(版主版主)v恩恩(嗯嗯)v汗或寒汗或寒(敬畏敬畏)v晕晕(非常惊异非常惊异)vps/PS(photoshop的简称的简称)v灌水灌水(发帖子发帖子)vddd(顶顶顶顶顶顶)vbs/BS(鄙视鄙视)v楼猪楼猪(楼主楼主)v滴滴(的、地的、地)152007年中国主流报纸十大流行语v综合类：十七大、嫦娥一号、民生、香综合类：十七大、嫦娥一号、民生、香港回归十周年、港回归十周年、CPI（居民消费价格指数）（居民消费价格指数）上涨、廉租房、奥运火炬手、基民、中上涨、廉租房、奥运火炬手、基民、中日关系、全球气候变化日关系、全球气候变化v国际时政类：韩国人质、库尔德工人党国际时政类：韩国人质、库尔德工人党武装、红色清真寺、和平使命、萨科齐、武装、红色清真寺、和平使命、萨科齐、核设施去功能化、贝核设施去功能化、贝布托、慰安妇问题、布托、慰安妇问题、反导、达尔富尔反导、达尔富尔16v国内时政类：物权法、又好又快发国内时政类：物权法、又好又快发展、中央宣讲团、入联公投、展、中央宣讲团、入联公投、“和和谐号谐号”、国家大剧院、郑筱萸、黑、国家大剧院、郑筱萸、黑砖窑、道德模范、铁路第六次大提砖窑、道德模范、铁路第六次大提速速v社会生活类：华南虎、熊猫烧香、社会生活类：华南虎、熊猫烧香、食品安全专项整治、群租、东方田食品安全专项整治、群租、东方田鼠、小产权房、零就业家庭、独居鼠、小产权房、零就业家庭、独居老人、金猪、关停小火电老人、金猪、关停小火电v经济类：企业所得税法、节能减排、经济类：企业所得税法、节能减排、土地增值税、人民币升值、燃油附土地增值税、人民币升值、燃油附加费、财产性收入、第二套房贷、加费、财产性收入、第二套房贷、从紧货币政策、成品油价格调整、从紧货币政策、成品油价格调整、贷款基准利率贷款基准利率17v教育类：师范生免费教育、方永刚、农村教育类：师范生免费教育、方永刚、农村义务教育、助学贷款、绿色通道、孔子学义务教育、助学贷款、绿色通道、孔子学院、校园集体舞、创业教育、港校、网游院、校园集体舞、创业教育、港校、网游防沉迷系统防沉迷系统v文化娱乐类：文化娱乐类：变形金刚变形金刚、集结号集结号、80后、帕瓦罗蒂、藏友、新七大奇迹、后、帕瓦罗蒂、藏友、新七大奇迹、士兵突击士兵突击、社区文化、孙道临、好男、社区文化、孙道临、好男儿儿v科技类：南海科技类：南海I号、动车组、绕月探测工程、号、动车组、绕月探测工程、Vista、阿特兰蒂斯、中华鲟、干细胞、支、阿特兰蒂斯、中华鲟、干细胞、支线飞机、京沪空中快线、海上丝绸之路博线飞机、京沪空中快线、海上丝绸之路博物馆物馆18v构建和谐社会专题：社区卫生服务、预防构建和谐社会专题：社区卫生服务、预防腐败局、生态文明、轨道交通、和谐文化腐败局、生态文明、轨道交通、和谐文化建设、最低生活保障制度、服务型政府、建设、最低生活保障制度、服务型政府、劳动合同法、农民专业合作社、带薪休假劳动合同法、农民专业合作社、带薪休假v民生专题：经济适用房、法定节假日调整、民生专题：经济适用房、法定节假日调整、手机单向收费、农民低保、民生净福利指手机单向收费、农民低保、民生净福利指标、惠农政策、居民基本医疗保险、个税标、惠农政策、居民基本医疗保险、个税起征点、交强险费率浮动、农民合作医疗起征点、交强险费率浮动、农民合作医疗v金融专题：加息、金融专题：加息、QDII基金、股指期货、基金、股指期货、认沽权证、理财产品、跨行通存通兑、新认沽权证、理财产品、跨行通存通兑、新股民、港股直通车、第三方存管、次级抵股民、港股直通车、第三方存管、次级抵押贷款押贷款19v奥运专题：上海特奥会、好运北京、倒计奥运专题：上海特奥会、好运北京、倒计时一周年、无车日、奥运门票、祥云、奥时一周年、无车日、奥运门票、祥云、奥运测试赛、奥运火炬、微笑圈、金镶玉运测试赛、奥运火炬、微笑圈、金镶玉202006年中国主流报纸十大流行语v综合类：和谐社会、社会主义新农综合类：和谐社会、社会主义新农村、青藏铁路、自主创新、社会主村、青藏铁路、自主创新、社会主义荣辱观（八荣八耻）、中非合作义荣辱观（八荣八耻）、中非合作论坛、长征精神、消费税、非物质论坛、长征精神、消费税、非物质文化遗产、倒扁文化遗产、倒扁v文化类：文博会、文化创意产业、文化类：文博会、文化创意产业、孔子、原生态、百家讲坛、于丹、孔子、原生态、百家讲坛、于丹、潜规则、易中天、草根文化、恶搞潜规则、易中天、草根文化、恶搞212005年中国主流报纸十大流行语v综合类：保持共产党员先进性教育、综合类：保持共产党员先进性教育、“十十一五一五”规划、神舟六号规划、神舟六号(神六神六)、节约型社、节约型社会、和平发展、一篮子货币、油价上涨、会、和平发展、一篮子货币、油价上涨、同一个世界同一个梦想、连宋大陆行、取同一个世界同一个梦想、连宋大陆行、取消农业税。消农业税。222004年中国主流报纸十大流行语v综合类：执政能力、雅典奥运、刘翔、综合类：执政能力、雅典奥运、刘翔、审计风暴、零关税、科学发展观、失地审计风暴、零关税、科学发展观、失地农民补助、反分裂国家法、中法文化年、农民补助、反分裂国家法、中法文化年、海啸。海啸。232.LanguageandSocietyvLanguageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunctiontomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.24vUsersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Whateachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyonessocialbackground.Whenwespeakwecannotavoidgivingourlistenerscluesaboutouroriginandourbackground.vThesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureandthevocabulary.Forexample,asocietyskinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.25vThesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureandthevocabulary.Forexample,asocietyskinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.2627282.1SociolinguisticsvThesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenLandsociety,betweentheusesofLandthethesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersofLlive.Micro-studiesMacro-studies29vMicro-studies:Tolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworms-eyeview从从下向上看的景象，下层的看法ofLinuse.vMacro-studies:TolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowLfunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,abirdseyeviewofthelanguageusedinsociety.30vVariationistperspective:vPeoplewhoclaimtobeusersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.vVarietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.31vRegionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps.EnglishScottishIt needs washingIt needs washed32vSocial-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.33vUpperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpapervLowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff,ill,settee,notepaper,glasses34vSpeakerASpeakerBIdidityesterday.I done ityesterday.Hehasntgotit.Heaintgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit.Itwasherwhatsaidit.vWhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.35vInBritain,accent=markerofstatusRP:anon-localizedformofpronunciation,referstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish,anindicatorofapublicschooleducationandthusahighsocialstatusonthepartofthespeaker.EE:EstuaryEnglish,commonlyusedbyeducatedpeopleintheregionaroundLondon.LessrigidthanRPbutmorestandardthanCockney.Cockney伦敦佬；伦敦佬口音:lowerclassdialectofEastLondon,considerednon-standardbyeducatedpeople.36vLanguageandGenderComparedwithmen,womentendtousesuchadverbs:horridly,abominably,immensely,excessively,amazingly,so,most,etc.Theoveruseofthesewordsimplythattheusersaresentimental,shallowandnotobjectiveenough.37vAnexamplefromPride and Prejudice:Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamost excellentball.Janewasso admired.Everybodysaidhow wellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite beautiful,Iwasso vexedtoseehimstandupwithher.Iamquite delightedwithhim.Heisso excessively handsome!38Wife:Youalwaysleaveyourpapersaboutdear!Husband:Really?DidntIputtheminplaceyesterday?vInasense,theoveruseofthewordsofabsolutenessorextremitymaycausechangesinthemeaningofawordatleastintheeyeofaman.39Female:sogood,suchfun,exquisite,lovely,divine,precious,adorable,darling,fantastic.Neutral:great,terrific,cool,neatnWomenhavetheirownvocabularyforemphasizingcertaineffects:40nAsidefromspecificlexicalitems,therearedifferencesbetweenthespeechofwomenandthatofmenintheuseofparticlesthatgrammariansoftendescribeas“meaningless”.Male:Shit,damn,darnit,thehellFemale:Ohdear,dearme,goodnessme,mygoodness41vWomenusemoretagquestions.vWomenusemorestatementquestionswitharisingintonationattheend.vWomenslinguisticbehaviorislessdirectandmorepolite.vIdiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.42vStandarddialect:Sociallyprestigiousdialect.Bythegovernment,massmedia,schools.Anymembercanpossiblyuse.Basedonaselectedvariety.Notacquirednaturally,superimposed.v普通话的定义：普通话的定义：以北京语音为标准音以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言以北方话为基础方言,以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。民族共同语。43vHalliday:RegisterLvariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.ThetypeofLwhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.44vFieldofdiscourse:whatisgoingon,purposeandsubject-matterofcommunication,why,whatTechnicalvs.non-technicalvTenorofdiscourse:theroleofrelationshipinthesituation,who,towhomThelevelofformalityvModeofdiscourse:themeansofcommunication,howAlectureonbiology45vMartinJoos:DegreeofformalityFrozen,Formal,Consultative,Casual,IntimateFormalInformal46vVisitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.(frozen)vVisitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.(formal)vWouldyoumindgoingupstairsplease?(consultative)vTimeyouallwentupstairsnow.(casual)vUpyougo,Chaps!(intimate)472.2SociolinguisticstudyofsocietyvToknowmoreaboutagivensocietybyexaminingthelinguisticbehaviorofitsmembers.DiglossiaBilingualism&MultilingualismCode-switching48vMonolingual:Speakersofasinglelanguagecontroldifferentvarietiesofthatlanguage.vBilingual:Peopledevelopsomeabilityinasecondlanguage.vHowtodescribe?491.toidentifyeachofthelanguages.2.thewayeachlanguagewasacquired.“XisanativespeakerofCantoneseandlearnedEnglishinschool.”3.masteryofskills:reading,writing,speaking.4.functionordomain:foreachofthedomains,abilingualtendstopreferacertainlanguage.50vMonolingualspeechcommunitiesarerare;monolingualcountriesareevenrarer.vBilingualismthetwolanguagesareincontact.vThiscontactmayleadtointerference.Pidgin,Creole,diglossia51vPidgin:notanativelanguageofanyone.learnedinformallyincontact.usedesp.astradelanguage.involvesthemixtureoftwoormoreLs.Eg.NigerianPidginEnglish;VietnamesePidginFrench;NewGuineaPidginGerman,etc.52v上海话中的洋泾浜英语上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）下三滥的、劣质的）“大兴大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）“肮三肮三”（ONSALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣）货、形容人的品质低劣）“瘪三瘪三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。的骂人用语之一。“赤佬赤佬”是英语是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文（欺骗）和中文“佬佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。语（隐语）。53vFrompidgintocreolesvAsaresultofintermarriage,thepidginisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.Pidginisnotjustacontactlanguagewithlimitedsocialfunctions,butcandealwithmore.Eg.HaitianCreole,HawaiianCreoleEnglish54vDiglossia:Twodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.vSwitzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)55vCode-Switching:Bilingualsoftenswitchbetweentheirtwolanguagesinthemiddleofaconversation.Metaphoricalswitching:thepurposeofcommunicationSituationalswitching:role-relationshipMixedcode:wordsfromnewlanguagesareusedinoldlanguages,e.g.NewZealandEnglish56v“Hi，你好呀！，你好呀！Thismorning，我们对你的，我们对你的case进行了进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我们没，我们发现，这对我们没什么什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有与这件事相关的所有Project都将被都将被cancel掉。掉。”v“事实证明，事实证明，Download已经不吃香了，已经不吃香了，Portal也正在逐渐没落。也正在逐渐没落。ISP与与ICP都没有什么很都没有什么很Power的招数了。的招数了。MyGod，我们的前途究竟在，我们的前途究竟在哪里？哪里？Pageview、Impression，我们真正缺，我们真正缺乏的是如何让访问者乏的是如何让访问者Onceagain的内容与形式。的内容与形式。”57v“我是我是beast那你呢那你呢”“我比你少一个我比你少一个A,所以我是所以我是best。”v辛楣吃晚饭回来辛楣吃晚饭回来,问鸿渐道问鸿渐道:“你在英国你在英国到过牛津、剑桥没有到过牛津、剑桥没有?他们的他们的tutorialsystem是怎么一回事是怎么一回事?”v这种同情比笑骂还难受这种同情比笑骂还难受,鸿渐咬牙来个中西鸿渐咬牙来个中西合璧的咒骂合璧的咒骂:“ToHell滚你妈的蛋滚你妈的蛋!”58v歌曲：快乐崇拜歌曲：快乐崇拜v什么年代吹着什么样的风什么年代吹着什么样的风我拿我的麦克风我拿我的麦克风唱出唱出oldschoolshowyallreadytoroll70的年代的年代复古我最复古我最highdiscofever从来不肯从来不肯saygoodbye