中国严寒地区城市空间的气候...——以哈尔滨市中心城区为例_蒋存妍.pdf

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS/PAPERS045Construction of Climate Adaptability Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Spaces in the Severe Cold Zones of ChinaA Case Study on the Central Area of Harbinhttps:/doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-1-020062 *CORRESPONDING AUTHORAddress:Rm.111,66 West Dazhi Street,Nangang District,Harbin,Heilongjiang Province,ChinaEmail:JIANG Cunyan1,2,LENG Hong1,2,YUAN Qing1,2,*1 School of Architecture,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150006,China2 Key Laboratory of National Territory and Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration in Cold Regions,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150006,ChinaGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTRegional climate characteristicsTransportation systemConstructionsGreen and open spacesLand useAccommodationManaged retreatProtection and restorationSevere cold climateAccelerated climate changeUrban spatial elementsAffectArrangeAdaptClimate adaptation strategiesSpatial pattern of climate adaptability of the central area of HarbinProtection and restorationAccommodationManaged retreatImprovement of climate adaptability of urban spaces in the severe cold zones of ChinaHIGHLIGHTS Considers both climate change and regional climate contexts Adapts through protection and restoration,accommodation,and managed retreat Constructs climate adaptability evaluation indicator system for severe cold zones of China Evaluates climate adaptability of urban spaces in Harbin Proposes climate adaptation strategies for severe cold zones of ChinaRECEIVED DATE 2021-10-09KEYWORDS Severe Cold Zones;Urban Spaces;Climate Adaptability;Evaluation Indicator System;Adaptation Strategies046VOLUME 10/ISSUE 4/AUGUST 20221 IntroductionClimate change has lasting effects on the environment due to the inertia of climate system12.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)pointed out that climate adaptation measures are important in dealing with future climate change impacts13,particularly for urban areas4.At present,researchers worldwide have contributed to the studies on climate change adaptability,and countries such as Denmark,New Zealand,and Canada have proposed climate adaptation strategies or action frameworks for domestic major cities58.Defining and evaluating the climate adaptability of cities is the basis for the development of adaptive planning and decision-making9.In recent years,scholars in related fields have mainly carried out research on the evaluation of urban climate adaptability through two approaches.1)Evaluation of climate adaptation actions.Karianne de Bruin et al.conducted a quantitative assessment on the incremental costs and benefits of climate adaptation policies in the Netherlands10.Benjamin L.Preston et al.and Ingrid Baker et al.respectively developed and applied evaluation frameworks on 57 and 7 climate adaptation plans concerning public health and ecological environment1112.Both studies evaluated plan components such as information base and risk assessments.In two cases,Elisabeth M.Hamin et al.assessed whether the climate adaptation and mitigation policy goals of some cities conflict with each other in transportation,water resources,biodiversity,and energy utilization,and proposed suggestions for a synergic urban development13.2)Evaluation of the interactions between urban spatial elements and thermal climate factors.Brain Stone et al.studied the impact of urban form and land development density on urban heat island effect and extreme heat events1416.Claire L.Walsh applied an urban integrated assessment facility to simulate land use change,climate impact,and greenhouse gas emissions in London over the 21st century17.Based on the EPICEA project in Paris,Jean-Luc Salagnac assessed the increased albedo of urban building surface,enlarged green area,and other climate adaptation strategies on urban heat balance18.To sum up,the first approach mostly assesses the economic and ecological benefits of government-led adaptation actions19,which has become mainstreaming in climate adaptation planning at home and abroad20.The second mainly measures whether and how urban spatial elements can adapt to the increasing climate changes.However,little research systematically evaluates climate adaptability from the perspective of urban spaces or establishes climate adaptability evaluation systems for urban spaces1921.EDITED BY ZHOU Jiayi,Tina TIANTRANSLATED BY ZHOU Jiayi,JIANG Cunyan,Tina TIANABSTRACT Climate adaptation research should consider both climate change and regional climate contexts.Research evaluating the regional climate adaptability of urban spaces helps identify weaknesses of climate resilience in spatial planning.This paper constructs a climate adaptation evaluation indicator system for cities in the severe cold zones of China,and evaluates the temporal-spatial changes of climate adaptability in the central area of Harbin.The evaluation outcome reveals that the overall climate adaptability of the study area generally improved from 2008 to 2017 despite staying at a relatively lower level.There are significant differences in spatial pattern and development of spatial elements of climate adaptability by districts.Accordingly,this paper proposes countermeasures supporting future decision-making on climate adaptation planning for the study area,offering a reference for other cities in the severe cold zones of China.LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS/PAPERS047Urban meteorologist Tim Oke believes that the impacts of climate change vary by regions22,suggesting that climate adaptability research should consider both climate change and regional climate contexts.For cities in severe cold zones that are facing combined impacts of climate change and regional climate23,their main climatic problems mostly occur in winter despite intensified heat island effect in recent years2425.Long time of low temperature and frequent snowfalls in winter greatly reduces citizens living comfort and impedes domestic production.Collymore Peter,Jan Gehl,Norman Pressman,and other scholars conducted in-depth research on urban and architectural design countermeasures in line with severe cold climates2628.Although climate warming in winter brings about benefits such as improving outdoor thermal environment and facilitating the diffusion of water pollutants2930,it enlarges the temperature difference between day and night after snow,accelerates the formation of icy surface,and increases sand and dust weather in spring due to the decrease of snow retention31.Across the world,the number of research on urban spatial planning that responds to climate change is increasing.However,little research studies the mechanism of climate adaptation planning upon regional climate conditions32,not to mention regional climate adaptability.Evaluating the regional climate adaptability of urban spaces helps identify weaknesses of climate resilience in spatial planning.This paper constructs the climate adaptability evaluation indicator system for cities in the severe cold zones of China(where the lowest monthly average temperature over years is no higher than 1033),by demonstrating the case of the climate adaptation planning for the central area of Harbina typical city in the severe cold zones of China.This paper then proposes countermeasures according to the evaluation results,supporting future decision-making on climate adaptation planning for cities in the severe cold zones of China.2 Climate Adaptability of Urban Spaces in the Severe Cold Zones of ChinaThis paper summarizes the climate problems of urban spaces under the combined contexts of climate change and regional climate,explores the concept of climate adaptability of urban spaces in the severe cold zones,and proposes the paths of improving climate adaptability of urban spaces.2.1 Climate Problems of Urban Spaces in Severe Cold Zones of ChinaCompared with Chinas other climatic zones(including cold zones),severe cold zones are more profoundly impacted by combined impacts of climate change and regional climate since they suffer from longer harsh winters.The paper characterizes the climate problems of urban spaces in winter in the severe cold zones of China(Table 1)3134 to inform the development of climate adaptation paths.2.2 Climate Adaptation Paths for Urban Spaces in Severe Cold Zones of ChinaOne of the essential components in urban planning is the arrangement of physical spatial elements(such as land use,transportation system,constructions,and green and open spaces)35.Therefore,research on climate adaptation planning from the perspective of urban spaces needs to focus on the improvement of climate adaptation through planning approaches.IPCC classifies adaptation strategies to cope with climate change and extreme weather events into three typesprotection,accommodation,and managed retreat3637.Considering both climate change and regional climate,this paper extends the application scenarios of these strategies to urban spaces,and defines three types of climate adaptation paths,namely protection Table 1:Climate problems of urban spaces in winter in the severe cold zones of ChinaImpacted facetSpecific problemTransportationLandscapeEnergy consumptionLiving and productionIncreased carbon emission from traffic;frequent traffic congestion and icy surfaces after snow;reduced overall public transportation capacity,especially during peak hoursThe lack of greenery and outdoor environmental attraction to citizens;lowered carbon sequestration by soil and vegetationIncreased energy consumption for domestic heating and clearing snow on roads,and growth of the use of construction materials;aggravated air pollutionLimited outdoor activities;lowered jobs of outdoor work048VOLUME 10/ISSUE 4/AUGUST 20221.Interactions between climate characteristics,urban spatial elements,and climate adaptation paths in the severe cold zone.and restoration,accommodation,and managed retreat.The interactions between regional climate characteristics,urban spatial elements,and climate adaptation paths in the severe cold zones are displayed in Figure 1.1)Protection and restoration.Protect vulnerable urban spaces with engineering measures to guarantee citys basic services and residents daily life38.It also requires to restore the urban systems in impacted areas back to the condition before the external stress with planning interventions.In this paper,protection and restoration means include improving energy efficiency of transportation and construction industries,and protecting urban systems vulnerable to the severe cold climate in winter.2)Accommodation.Urban systems can enhance their adaptation capacities to withstand moderate climate impact caused by accelerated climate change and maintain city functions without additional human intervention39.In this paper,accommodation means include ensuring transportation efficiency in winter,increasing green and open spaces,and promoting the micro-climate regulation and carbon sequestration function of soil and vegetation.And 3)managed retreat.When the external stress exceeds the combined adaptation capacity of urban systems and engineering constructions,retreat from areas of high vulnerability or exposure risk through planning approach to minimize the potential impact of climate problems40.In this paper,managed retreat means include early warning and emergency response programs for disastrous weather events and the transition of urban systems(e.g.replacement of vegetation species)responding to adverse climate impacts.3 Construction of Climate Adaptability Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Spaces in the Severe Cold Zones of ChinaTo evaluate climate adaptability of urban spaces in the severe cold zones of China,this paper first establishes an indicator system measuring the citys capacities of protection and restoration,accommodation,and managed retreat in land use,transportation system,constructions,and green and open spaces.The quantitative method for each indicator is put forward as well.3.1 Selection of Evaluation IndicatorsBy reviewing research on the correlations between urban spaces and climate environments in severe cold zones across the world4142,climate regulation policies for cities in severe cold zones in developed countries4344,and evaluation indicator systems of urban climate carrying capacity and climate change vulnerability4546,this paper identifies 21 evaluation indicators(Table 2).In the synthesized selection process,data accessibility is considered,relevant categories are consolidated,and indicators with relatively lower correlation coefficients are eliminated.3.2 Calculation Methods of Indicators3.2.1 Indicator Quantitation Equations The quantitation of each indicator in this research adopts three Regional climate characteristicsTransportation systemConstructionsGreen and open spacesLand useAccommodationManaged retreatProtection and restorationSevere cold climateAccelerated climate changeUrban spatial elementsClimate adaptation strategiesAffectArrangeAdapt Jiang Cunyan,Leng Hong,Yuan Qing1LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS/PAPERS049Table 2:Climate adaptability evaluation indicator system for urban spaces in the severe cold zones of ChinaCapacityElementIndicatorProtection and restorationAccommodation Managed retreat Land useTransportation systemConstructionGreen and open spacesLand useTransportation systemConstructionGreen and open spacesLand useTransportation systemConstructionGreen and open spacesDevelopment and utilization rate of underground spaceIndoor accessibilityDegree of road snow removal and antifreeze treatment in winterBuilding clean heating ratioRatio of water-and energy-saving old buildingsImplementation ratio of green bufferLand use compatibilityLand development intensityProportion of rail transit tripsWinter traffic performance indexPublic transport accessibilityBuilding shape factorProportion of buildings with vertical plantingGreenery coverageVentilation channel construction levelPopularity of winter activities in public spacesAfforestation area in the current yearEmergency access network coverageWinter disaster early warning coverageProportion of green buildings in newly-built buildingsPlanting ratio of native species of severe cold zonesmethods(Table 3)43444763.1)Eleven indicators have clearly defined quantitative equations by planning documents,laws,or management regulations.They are building clean heating ratio,ratio of water-and energy-saving old buildings,implementation ratio of urban buffer,land development intensity,proportion of rail transit trips,winter traffic performance index,public transport accessibility,building shape factor,greenery coverage,proportion of green buildings in newly-built buildings,and planting ratio of native species of severe cold zones.2)This research uses referred quantitative methods for the indicators without clear quantitative equations from similar well defined ones.They are development and utilization ratio of underground spaces,and proportion of buildings with vertical planting.For example,the annual average development growth