《英语国家概况》美国篇-期末整理.doc

The United States of AmericaPart 1 The Country and The American IdentityCommon-sense Knowledge1、全称：The United States of America (美利坚合众国)2、简称： the United States; the U.S.; America. 3、National Anthem：星条旗永不落 The Star-Spangled Banner（同时可以叫做国旗）1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。4、National Flower：Rose5、Jet lag: About 16 hours (west of America), and 13 hours (east of America).（了解）6、The Capital: Washington D.C. 为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）Location1、Canada on the north； Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ；Atlantic Ocean on the east； Pacific Ocean on the west.2、The largest country in the world：Russia，Canada， China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50 states in totalAlaskathe largest ；Rhode Island (罗德岛州)the smallest ；Texas（德克萨斯州）the largest on the mainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。The eastern partthe highlands formed by the Appalachian Range (阿巴拉挈亚山脉).The western partRocky Mountains（落基山）the great backbone of North AmericaThe Mississippi Riverfather of waters6、 The Great Lakes（1） Lake Michigan密歇根湖wholly within the United States唯一全在美国境内（2） Lake Erie伊利湖和Lake Ontario 安大略湖间有Niagara Falls尼亚加拉大瀑布（3） Lake Superior 苏必利尔湖世界上最大的淡水湖（4） 无特色的Lake Huron 休伦湖Climate1、Mainly temperate with some mild subtropical zones with only the southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical.大部分是温带大陆性气候。2、The Northeast 东北部著名城市有：（1）Boston 波士顿（2）New York 纽约：Situated on three islandsManhattan Island（曼哈顿岛）, Long Island（纽约长岛） and Staten Island（斯塔顿岛） at the mouth of Hudson River（哈德逊河）. Five boroughsManhattan（曼哈顿）, Brooklyn（布鲁克林）, Bronx（布朗克斯）, Richmond（里士满） and Queens（纽约皇后区）. the headquarter of the United Nations （联合国总部）The statue of liberty 自由女神像The formal name is Liberty Enlightening the World.3、The South 南部著名城市有：New Orleans(新奥尔良)；Miami（迈阿密）；Atlanta （亚特兰大）4、 The Midwestthe birthplace of the Republican Party 共和党的诞生地 中部著名城市有：（1）Chicagothe windy city; second most populous city after New York （New York最多）5、The West 西部著名城市有：（1）San Francisco圣弗兰西斯科/旧金山有Golden Gate Bridge（金门大桥）（2）Los Angels 洛杉矶有Hollywood（好莱坞）位于California加州The American Identity (People)1、 人口构成复杂The White 75%；Native Indians & Hawaiians 0.9%（不到1%）；The Black 12%；The Asians 43%；Mixed Races 2.5%.The United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a “melting pot”（大熔炉）.2、 Uneven distribution 人口分布不均东北多西南少The most densely populated regionthe northeastern partThe Great Plainsa comparatively small populationThe Southa population of almost 57.5 million peopleThe Westnot densely populated3、 Civil Rights Movement 民权运动Martin Luther King “I Have a Dream”4、Hispanicsthe Spanish-speaking population of the United States 第二语言SpanishThree major Hispanic groups: Mexican-Americans；Puerto Ricans；Cuban-AmericansPart 2 History整理脉络：发现新大陆殖民独立战争联邦政府的建立内战西部大扩张两次世界大战中的美国当下的美国发现新大陆时期:1、 Mount Rushmore 总统山/拉什莫尔山，位于南达科他州。2、 哥伦布Columbus发现新大陆。3、 Name的由来: Ameriga Vespucci （阿美利歌-韦斯普奇） proved that the land was not India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.4、 Native Americansthe Indians5、 In 1565, the Spanish established the first permanent European settlement (移民地) in the continental U.S. at St. Augustine, Florida. 最早移民为西班牙人。6、 John Cabot was the first English explorer to travel to the New World and claimed the first piece of land for England by the end of the 15th century.7、 最早有13个殖民地。1607-1733，英国在美国建立13个殖民地。They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia.8、 In 1620, A group of English Puritans(英国清教徒), now known as the Pilgrim Fathers（清教徒先祖/朝拜者）, landed at Cape Cod（科德角）, near Boston, after ailing in the small ship the Mayflower “五月花号“ for months. Landed at now known Plymouth, Massachusettes.注意：“五月花号”9、 Thanksgiving Day1863年，美国总统林肯宣布每年十一月的第四个星期四为感恩节。首个庆祝的感恩节在1621年。殖民地时期：1、 北美十三个殖民地2、The reasons of Europeans coming to America（看下即可）(1) The need for increased trade;(2) The zeal of Spanish priests to convert the native Indians to Christianity; (3) The need of European religious and political dissenters for refuge from persecution in their homelands;(4) The thirst for adventure of some individuals.独立战争时期The War of Independence/ American revolution：1、The Causes: With the development of economy, the people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business（自决权）. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control （把经济发展控于股掌）and collect more taxes from the colonies.The Boston Tea Party(波士顿茶叶事件): In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India Company（登上英国东印度公司的船） and threw the tea into the harbor.注意：波士顿茶叶事件The Boston Tea Party、1773年和英国东印度公司the British East India Company2、 The Continental Congress大陆会议，中英文会表达。 以下表格很重要。TimePlace备注The First Continental Congress1774Philadelphia 费城The Second Continental Congress1775Philadelphia费城与莱克星顿的枪声The fire of Lexington同在1775年发生，时隔三周。3、 In September, 1783, the Treaty of Paris 巴黎条约was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.注意：巴黎条约的签订代表了美国的真正独立。联邦政府的建立时期Establishment of a federal form of government：领土扩张和西进运动时期Territorial expansion and the westward Movement：1、Forced England to give up the Old Northwest（迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区）2、Purchased the Louisiana from Nepoleon.(1790s) 向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州（使得国土面积变身原先两倍）3、Forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸4、Texas added to the Union(1845) 1845年，德克萨斯加入联邦（1845年之前，德克萨斯属于墨西哥）5、Obtained California and New Mexico from Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)从墨西哥战争1846-4848，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。6、The Gadsden Purchase(1853) another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S., in return, the U.S. paid 10 million dollars.1853年的“加滋登购地”中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了1千万美元的补偿。注意：“加滋登购地” 中英文南北战争时期The American Civil War：Time: 1861-1865 ;当时在位总统是林肯 ;南北矛盾的焦点：奴隶制的存废1、 Cause: In the early 1800s, black slavery disappeared in the north because of industry development. But it continued to exist in the South. In the South, farming remained the most important way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labors seemed best suited for producing these crops.注意：解释原因时要全面；经济体制不同：北方是资本主义，南方是种植园经济体制。2、1862. 9. 22- issued the Emancipation Proclamation （解放黑奴宣言）granted freedom to about 4 million slaves.1863, The Gettysburg Address葛底斯堡演讲 注意：解放黑奴宣言和葛底斯堡演讲中英文3、中英文表达plantations （种植园） 和 Negro slaves（黑奴）4、1865, the South surrendered. 最终北方胜利，南方投降。5、The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December,1865. 注意：废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入宪法。5、 Influence of the war（1）Two achievements:realize the unification(统一) of the American nationend the slavery system（2）Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War （内战后资本主义的迅速发展）（3）After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population. reasons: a. a stable political environment after the war was over（战后稳定的政治环境）; b. enough labor supply after black slaves were free; new immigrants（黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力）; c. Science and invention played a very important role in accelerating Americas industrial development (科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用); d. the federal government put high taxes on foreign imports(联邦政府对进口商品课以高税); e. the Rich natural resources(丰富的自然资源)；consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated(生产和资本越来越集中).两次世界大战期间：1、 the Great Depression(1929-1937) and the New Deal 大萧条和新政，当时在位总统为富兰克林罗斯福Franklin Roosevelt2、 The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划 中英文3、 The Watergate Scandal（1976）水门事件In order to find out whether Ted Kennedy, John Kennedys younger brother would run for presidency and other campaign activities, Richard Nixon approved of a plan to burglarize（夜盗） the Democratic National Committee（美国民主党全国委员会）, one of the offices in Watergate building. Five burglars （夜贼）were caught and the whole things came out. The congress impeached（控告，弹劾） the president and Nixon had to resign. The impact of the scandal: No citizen is above the Constitution, even president. The American public paid attention to the private life of the president.注意：会用自己的话表达什么是“水门事件”，涉及到尼克松、夜盗、肯尼迪等关键词。4、Civil Rights Movement民权运动Part 3 Political System1、Comparison of the Political SystemUKUSAscription(归属) of the Supreme PowerConstitutional MonarchyRepublicanismRelation between the legislative and executive branchParliamentary SystemPresidential SystemRelation between the nation and the componentsUnitary StateFederal State3、 The Constitutional Convention(宪法惯例/制宪会议)1787年召开；1789年正式生效；27条修正案27 amendments；前十条称为权利法案The Bill of Rights became the first ten amendments.4、 制宪六个原则： Federalism Which would result in a different between the new Constitution and the Articles of Confederation, was the need for a vigorous executive. To which many of the more influential framers were committed, was the necessity for a supreme national court to police the constitutional structure they were erecting. The principle of checks and balances The farmers were deeply committed to the idea that the central government they were creating was to be a limited government. The farmers intended to create a mixed government.4、The Federal Governmentthe central governmentThree equal and separate branches：The Legislative branch；The Executive branch；The Judicial branchThey are checked and balanced by one another.本部分内容学会用自己的话表达。5、什么是联邦制？具体看P157Federalism means a division of powers between the federal government and state government. 6、州政府和联邦政府的职责（1）Delegated（授予权力） powers of the Federal GovernmentTo take care of the welfare and defend the security of the whole nation: to manage foreign affairs; to raise and maintain armed forces（武装力量）; to declare war and conclude peace; to collect taxes; to regulate foreign trade;To deal with problems concerning two or more states（2）Powers of State Governments (P158)To pass state laws and maintain state police force;To levy taxes（课税，征税） to cover state expenditures;To maintain public schools and give financial help to state universities.7、 Legislative Branch 立法机构The Congress is the Legislative branch. It is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate.The SenateThe HouseMembership100(2 from each state)435(distributed by population)Tenure6 years2 yearsQualifications30 years old;9 years citizenship;Resident of the represented state25 years old;7 years citizenship;Resident of the represented stateChairpersonVice PresidentThe Speaker8、 Executive Branch政府机构Executive Agencies and CommissionsFederal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空和航天局9、 Judicial Branch 司法机构了解本图The Supreme Court is made up of 9 justices - the Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices（首席法官和陪审法官）。10、 Check and Balance注意：怎么存在？为什么这样存在？举例说明如何制衡？制衡的意义何在？/为什么要相互制衡？Checks and Balances三权分立(监督平衡) The system of checks and balances is an important part of the Constitution. With checks and balances, each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful. Each branch “checks” the power of the other branches to make sure that the power is balanced between them.11、 Donkey & ElephantIn 1847, American artist Thomas Nest drew a political picture with a donkey representing the Democratic Party and an elephant representing the Republican Party.The Democratic Partyliberal;The Republican Partyconservative.（均为相对的）Part 4 Culture1、 American Dream & China Dream2、 Some important birthdays16-year-old can legally drive a car21-year-old can legally drink alcohol30-year-old know you are growing older40-year-old become a senior citizen eligible for Social Security checks65-year-old are considered to be middle aged3、American wedding can be summarized as something new, something old, something borrowed and something blue.4、节日分为官方、非官方和宗教节日三种（2）非官方注意：情人节（2.14）；母亲节（5月的第二个星期日）；万圣节（10.31）（3）宗教注意：圣诞节和复活节5、 Holidays英语国家概况美国第10页