2中考英语知识点梳理短语动词和句型的讲解.docx

2016中考英语知识点梳理：短语动词和句型的讲解【考点直击】1. 短语动词的辨析;2. 英语句子的基本句型结构;3. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。【名师点睛】短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段，我们已经学习了不少短语动词，把他们加以归纳总结，进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。1. 短语动词的分类(1)动词+介词常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others.Tom asked his parents for a bike.(2)动词+副词常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3)动词+副词+介词常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Go on and Ill catch up with you in five minutes.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4)动词+名词+介词常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time. (5)动词+形容词常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6)动词+名词常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.2. 短语动词的辨析(1)be made in(在生产或制造)，be made of(由组成或构成)(2)come down(下来;落)，come along(来;随同)，come to oneself(苏醒)，come true(实现)，come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来)，come over(过来;顺便来访)，come in(进来)，come on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), come up with(找到;提出)(3)do ones best(尽最大努力), do well in(在干得好), do ones homework(做作业)，do some reading(阅读)(4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在.后面)，fall off(从掉下)，fall down(到下;跌倒)(5)get down(下来;落下)，get on(上车)，get to(到达)，get up(起床)，get back(回来;取回)，get off(下来)，get on well with(与相处融洽)，get married(结婚)，get together(相聚)(6)give up(放弃)，givea hand(给与帮助)，give a concert(开音乐会)(7)go back(回去)，go on(继续)，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡觉)，go over(过一遍;仔细检查)，go out(外出;到外面)，go wrong(走错路)，go on doing(继续做某事)，go shopping(买东西)，go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight along(沿着一直往前走)(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(进行体育活动), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(过得愉快), have a headache(头痛)，have a try(尝试;努力)(9)look for(寻找)，look out(留神; 注意)，look over(仔细检查)，look up(向上看;抬头看)，look after(照顾; 照看)，look at(看; 观看)，look like(看起来像)，look the same(看起来像)，(10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打电话)，make money(赚钱)，make the bed(整理床铺)，make a noise(吵闹)，make a faces(做鬼脸)，make ones way to(往走去)，make room for(给腾出地方)，make a decision(做出决定)，make a mistake(犯错误)，make up ones mind(下决心)(11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上)，put up(挂起;举起)，put down(把某物放下来)，put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟)(12)take off(脱掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花费时间)，take out(取出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(积极参加)，take care of(照顾;照料;注意)，take exercise(做运动)，take ones place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的职务)，take turn(轮流) (13)talk about(谈话;交谈)，talk with(和交谈)(14)turn on(打开电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn off(关上电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn down(关小;调低)，turnover(把.翻过来)(15)think of(认为;想起)，think about(考虑)3.句子的基本句型结构根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。(1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如：My mother is a doctor.Her voice sounds nice.(2)主语+不及物动词。例如：He runs fast.We study hard.(3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：Children often sing this song.He studies English.1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如：She enjoys reading novels and swimming.I finished reading the book last night.2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如：Where do wish to sit?Tom agreed to lend some money.3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember, forget等。例如：Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发了这封信。I remember posting the letter.我记得那封信寄过了。Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如：I like to swim in summer.I like swimming in summer.(4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：My father bought me a new bike.He gave me an apple.1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。例如：Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?Toms mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Toms mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：We keep our classroom clean and tidy.I hear someone singing in the next room.1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：We call him Jack.Dont get your hands dirty.2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程;用-ing形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。)When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.(我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。) 3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如：I saw him go into the room.He was seen to go into the room.4. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。1. Its time to (for) . 表“时间到了;该干的时间了”之意。Its time to go home.Its time for school.注意：to的后面接动词短语，而for的后面接名词。2. Its bad (good) for . 表示“对有害(有益)的”含义。Please dont smoke. Its bad for your health.Please take more exercise. Its good for your health.3. be late for (school) 是“上学(迟到)”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。He was late for school this morning.Dont be late for class, please.4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。You had better put on the coat when you go out. Its cold outside.We had better stop to have a rest.注意：用had better时，后面一定要直接跟动词原形，决不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二个动词之前，是动词不定式的否定式。5. be (feel) afraid of . 表示“恐怕”，“害怕”之意。He is afraid of snakes.Mary feels afraid of going out alone.6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜欢(爱好)做某事”之意，doing是动名词作动词enjoy的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。Are you enjoy living in Beijing?Do you enjoy listening to music?7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下来做某事Its time for class. Stop talking, please.When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me.8. Let (make) sb. do 让(使)某人做某事。Lets go to school.Father made his son clean the room again.注意：当make sb. do sth. 用于被动语态时，第二个动词前面就一定要加to了。如：His son was made to clean the room again.he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past.9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜欢做某事”之意。like to do sth. 是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事;like doing sth. 是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如：I like to swim in the swimming pool.我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。(喜欢的具体的地方游泳)I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳(只讲喜欢这项运动)10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 请(让)某人(不)做某事Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons.When did you tell him not to shout loudly?11. give (lend) sb. sth. = give (lend) sth. to sb. 给(借给)某人某物Mike gave me a new pair of stockings.Please lend us your car.12. be busy doing sth. 表示“忙于做某事”之意。The students are busy getting ready for the exams.Is Mrs Black busy washing clothes?13. too . to . 表示“太以致不能”的含义。She is too young to go to school.The old man was too tired to walk farther.14. notuntil 是“直才”之意。My daughter didnt go to bed until 11 oclock last night.We wont have time to rest until the summer holiday comes.15. so that 是“如此以致”的意思。Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much.The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it.16. neither nor 是“既不也不”之意。Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist.Neither you nor I am free.17. enough to do sth. 是“足以去做某事”之意。She is old enough to go to school.Peter was tall enough to reach the apple.19. preferto 是“比起来，还是好，”“喜欢而不喜欢”之意。I prefer English to maths = I like English better than mathsHe prefers playing football to playing basketball.20. not at all 是“根本不”之意。I dont know Mr. King at all.David doesnt like singing at all.21.keep sb. doing sth. 是“使某人继续做某事”之意。Mr. Wang didnt come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours.Dont keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself.22. keep sth. + adj. 是“保持某物处于某种状况”之意。Please keep our classroom clean and tidy.That wool sweater kept her body warm enough.23. see sb. doing sth. 表示“看见某人正在做某事”之意。When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door.Did you see a car coming here ?24. see sb. do sth. 是“看见某人做了某事”之意。That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday.Have you seen the leaves drop into the river ?25. hear sb. doing sth. 是“听到某人正在做某事”之意。Listen ! Can you hear someone singing on the hill?We heard him talking with Mr. Li loudly just now.26. hear sb. do sth. 表示“听见某人做了某事”之意。He was often heard to sing in his room in the past.Why didnt you hear me come into the sitting rom ?27. be used for doing sth. 是“被用来做某事”的意思。Knives are used for cutting things.Teapot is used for keeping tea warm.28. Its three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米长(高、宽)形容词要放在后面作后置定语。句型是It / 主语+ be +数词+米/公里+形容词。His father is one and seventy metres tall.That river is fifty metres wide.29. Whats wrong with .? / Whats the problem with .?/ Whats the trouble with .?/ Whats the matter?表示“出了什么毛病?”“哪儿不舒服?”“怎么啦?”的含义。Whats wrong with your car?Whats wrong with you, little girl?Whats the matter with your watch?30. Would you like (to do) .? 是“你想要吗?”的意思。like后面可以接名词，词组或动词不定式。提出一种建议或邀请。Would you like some fish?Would you like to go to the cinema with me?31. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做吗?”Will you please say it more slowly?Will you please not open the window? I feel cold.32. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花费某人一段时间”之意。可以用于一般现在时，一般过去式和一般将来时态。It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expressions.It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom.33. Id like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人来做某事”之意。Id like my friend to help me with my lessons.Hed like Jim to teach him how to use the computer.34. Theres sth. wrong with .是“某物/人出了问题”，“某物/人有了毛病”之意。There is something wrong the TV set. = Something is wrong with the TV set.There must be something wrong with the car. It doesnt move.35. I dont think that + clause 是“我想不会”“我认为不”之意。I dont think that any of the questions is difficult.We dont think he will have time tomorrow.36. What about .? 表示征求意见，询问消息，是“好不好?”“怎么样?”之意。What about some tea?What about your mother? Is she all right?37. Why not do .? 是表示建议，“为什么不?”之意。Why not have a rest? You have already worked for four hours.Why not come to play games with us? =Why dont you come to play games with us?38. What do you mean by .? 是“请问是什么意思?”之意。What do you mean by scientist, please?What do you mean by manager, please?可以说What is the meaning of manager?或What does the manager mean?39. You like singing very much. So do I. 你非常喜欢唱歌。我也非常喜欢。So do I. = I like singing very much, too.So在句型so + be (have，助动词或情态动词)+主语中有“也”，“同样”的意思，表示前面所说的情况，也适合于另一个人(或物)。He saw the accident, and so did I.She can ride a horse, and so can I.40. Its easy for him to learn English well. 学好英语对他来说很容易。Its + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“对某人来说做某事怎么样”之意。It是代词作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式(或短语)，为避免句子头重脚轻而将主语放在了后面。It is dangerous for children to play in the street.It was easy for her to tidy her room just now. 8 20 20