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成人高考高起点英语复习笔记一.doc

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成人高考高起点英语复习笔记一 资料仅供参考 成人高考高起点英语复习笔记一 第一章 名词   1.名词的数   A、常见的不可数名词   1.Fluids(流体):   air空气, smoke烟, water水, oil油, ink墨木, juice果汁,   rain雨水, tea茶, coffee咖啡, wine酒,beer啤酒   2.Substances(物质):   paper纸, glass玻璃,wood木头,iron铁, chalk粉笔,   fruit水果,meat肉, beef牛肉, mutton羊肉,chicken鸡肉,   sugar糖, salt盐, rice米, sand沙子, dust灰尘,   gold黄金   3.Abstracts(抽象名词):   health健康, wealth财富, honesty诚实, friendship友谊,   wisdom智慧, attention注意力,luck运气, progress进步,   work工作, room空间, news新闻, information消息,   love爱, trouble 麻烦, happiness幸福, silence寂静   4.Subjects(学科):   physics物理, chemistry化学, mathematics数学,history历史,   geography地理, English英语, biology生物, music音乐   B. 、可数名词的复数形式   1.直接在词尾加-s,如 desks, maps, cats, pens cars, farms   2.以-s, -x, -ch, sh结尾的词加-es :glasses, classes, buses, boxes, foxes, watches, matches, brushes, dishes(例外:stomachs 胃)   3.以-O 结尾的词:   Negroes, heres, potatoes, tomatoes(有生命的名词加-es);   photos, pianos, kilos, radios, zoos studios(无生命的名词加-es)   4.辅音字母+y 结尾的,把y 变为i再加es :   city-cities, story-stories, baby-babies, dictionary-dictionaries,   factory- factories, fly- flies, diary-diaries   可是,元音字母+y——直接+s toy——toys   5.以 -f, -fe结尾的单词,去掉f,-fe 再加 ves:   knife-knives, wife-wives, life-lives, wolf-wolves,   thief-thieves, leaf-leaves   例外:roof-roofs屋顶, belief-beliefs信仰, gulf-gulfs海湾   safe-safes, handkerchief-handker chiefs手帕   6.特殊变化:   man-men woman→woman   child→children, tooth→teeth,   goose→geese鹅 foot→feet,   mouse→mice, looker-on→lookers-on 旁观者   passer-by→passers-by过路人,   editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief总编辑,   man-doctor→men doctors,   woman-doctor→women doctors;   fish, deer, Chinese, sheep单复数同形。   C、 只有复数形式的名词   1.下列名词,只有复数形式,只能接复数形式的动词:   clothes衣服, fireworks烟火, wages工资, thanks谢意,   remains残留物,sweets糖果   2.由相同两部分构成的名词,只有复数形式,只能接复数形式的动词:   scissors剪刀, glasses眼镜, trousers裤子,shoes鞋,   socks袜, gloves手套   这些名词如表示数量,要以 pair为单位,如:   a pair of shoes一双鞋 two pairs of shoes 两双鞋   a pair of glasses一副眼镜 two pairs of glasses两副眼镜   3.某些集合名词,本身即为复数,因此不能加-s,也不能以one, a, every等词来修饰,如:   this people(×) these peoples(×) these people(√)   that police(×) those polices(×) those police(√)   2.名词的所有格   名词所有格的构成 英语名词所有格有两种:'s属格和of属格。   1)'s所有格   ①单数名词加-'构成,如:   Hellen's car海伦的汽车; the doctor's glasses医生的眼镜;   a dog's tail 狗的尾巴; the manager's secreatry 经理的秘书   ②复数名词以-s结尾的只加-',不以-s结尾的加-'s,如:   the girls' school女子学校; ladies' hats女帽;   the students' Library学生阅览室;Women's club妇女俱乐部;   Children's toys儿童玩具; men's hats男帽   ③复合名词在最后一词后加-'s,如:   Somebody else's umbrella别人的伴伞;   my brother-in -law's car我姐夫的汽车   2) of所有格的用法:   主要用于表示无生命的名词,一般采用"the +所有物+of +(the, that, my ——) + 所有者"的形式,如:   the door of this classroom这间教室的门;the leaves of the tree树叶;   the name of our school我们学校的名字。the door of the house,   a map of China.   3)双重属格的用法:   a friend of +名词所有格or 名词性物主代词,主要用来表示人的所有关系,例如:   a friend of my brother's, two plays of Shakespeare's,   some children of Mr. Brown's, these ideas of yours,   those dirty shoes of James'.   双重属格的名词前不能用the和one来修饰。   Note:of my own属于我自己的on my own我独自地   4)特殊所有格   若一样东西为两人共有,后一个人名用所有格,在最后一词后加-'s;如:   Tom and John's room汤姆和约翰(共同)的房间;   Lily and Lucy's school莉莉和露茜(共同)的学校。   如果属于二人分别拥有,则在两个名词之后分别加-'s,且其后名词应为复数。如:   Mary's and John's pens玛丽和约翰(各自)的钢笔;   Mike's and Henry's desks迈克和亨利(各自)的书桌   John and Tom's room(only one room);   John's and Tom's rooms(two rooms:one for John and one for Tom)   「例如」The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alice's mother.   You should find what the difference between Mr. Smith's and Mr. Black's cars is.   5)在表示"某人家","店铺"时,所有格后面的名词常常省略:   at Mr. Green's(在格林先生家); at my brother's(在我兄弟家);   at the tailor's(在裁缝店); at the barber's(在理发店);   at the doctor's(在诊所)   6)noun+to   I don't quite remember the key________the question though I answered it correctly.   A.of B.to C.for D.about   3.名词的常见考点   考点1.牢记六个不可数名词 不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不能用数词,可是可用some, any   information,weather,fun,progress,advice,furniture,   a. ________ important information it is!A. What B. What an   b. ________ nice weather it is today! A. What B. What a   c. ________ fun it is! A. What B. What a   d. Physics has made great progress in this century. And so has maths.   e. The doctor gave my father some advice on how to stop smoking.   f. She has to clean all the furniture in all the bedrooms in two hours.   g.It was fun to play on the beach that it attracted countless children.   [A] such great [B] so great [C] such a great [D] so great a   考点2.有些名词的复数形式能够表示特别的意义   papers(报纸;文件); works(工 厂;著 作); looks(外 表);   hairs(几 根 头 发); times(时 代); sands(沙滩);   drinks(饮料); manners(礼貌); arms(武器);   forces(军队) glasses   牢记五个名词单复数形式能够表示特别意义的名词   word / man difficulty room people population   a.当 word和man用作不可數名词时,前面不加冠词,也不用复数形式时,它们的意义是:word(消息;通知),man(人类)   Word came that the headmaster would come to talk to us.(消息)   Please send me word of your arrival.(通知)   Labor created man.(人类)   Quite a lot scientists have studied the origin of man in the last century.   b.have some difficulty in doing sth.   c.I am afraid that there isn't _____left for you two in my car. There are already five people in it.   A.many room B.any rooms C.any room many rooms   d……people作集合名词用时,后面的谓语动词总是用复数形式   The people in the village like the new teacher.   可是,作"民族"解释时是可数名词,有复数形式:peoples;作"全体公民"解释时,动词用复数形式。   the peoples of Asia(亚洲各民族)   The Chinese people are a great people.(中华民族是一个伟大的民族。)   e.population具有集合名词的一般用法   A:The population of China is largethan that of India.   (中国人口比印度多。)   B.Eighty percent of the population of China are peasants.   (中 国80%的人 口是农民。)   考点3.集合名词的数   一般地说,集合名词只以单数形式出现。常见的有:family,police,cattle,team,people,government,class,group,audience(观众),public(公众),crew(全体船员)等。当这些名词作主语时,若表示一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;若表示集体的每一个成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。   His family is a big family./ The whole family are watching TV now.   The government welcomes the proposal.(政府欢迎该建议。)   The government are discussing the proposal.(政府官员正在讨论该建议。)   注意:   (1)police和cattle后面的谓语动词总是用复数形式   Many cattle are kept on the farm.   Several hundred police are on duty.   考点4.of+抽象数=相应的形容词   of+geat+抽象名词=very+相应的形容词   of+no+抽象名词=not+相应的形容词(or -less, un-)   这样的抽象名词主要有:importance,value,use,help   The dictionary is of great use/help.=The dictionary is very useful/helpful.   The meeting is of great importance.=The meeting is very important.   Ginseng is of great medicine value. (西洋参具有很高的药用价值。)   Your advice is of great value to us=Your advice is very valuable to us   His suggestion is of no use=His suggestion is not useful   That program is of great interest to the children   =That program is very interesting to the children   可是,of+color/age/height/width常见来表示具有同样的颜色、年龄、高度、宽度等等。   These two jackets are of the same color.(这两件夹克衫颜色一样。)   We're of the same age.(我们年龄一样大。)   考点5.to+抽象名词常表示喜、怒、哀、乐   to one's surprise(令人惊讶地);to one's joy/delight(令人高兴地);   to one'sdisappointment(令人失望地);to one's shame(令人羞愧地)   考点6.名词作定语   名词作定语一般用单数   eg. mountain areas山区 apple pies苹果派   color TV's彩色电视机 machine guns机关机   the school bus学校的班车   a shoe shop/ a stone bridge/ a mountain village/   the ticket office/ war stories/ book leaves/ vegetable garden   [例外]savings account储蓄存款帐户 women's college女子学院   girls's high school女子中学   man,woman作定语与后面的名词的数一致   eg,a man doctor——two men doctors   sports运动,作定语一般用复数 eg. A sports car/ sports shoes/ a sports meet/ the sports field   sport(单数)表示具体的运动项目 eg.Which sport were you in yesterday?   「例句」I walked too much yesterday and ________are still aching now. (CET-4 1995,6)   A) my leg's muscles B) my muscles of leg   C) my leg muscles D) my muscle's of the leg   本题为名词作定语,不用所有格形式,故正确答案为C.   类似的用法还有:a woman doctor,a straw hat,a paper cover.   「例句」Now people use the word MS instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of______ in business 'letters.   A)woman manager B)women manager   C)woman managers D)women managers   考点7.复合形容词中的名词必须用单数   eg. two-minute ride seven five-yuan notes   a nine-foot-tall tree a three-year old三岁的小孩   a seven-day holiday七天的假期   a 200-meter-high building二百米高的大厦   注意名词所有格和复合形容词的用法   eg.二十分钟的路程 twenty minutes' walk   a twenty-minute walk   「例句」Despite the wonderful acting and well developed plot the movie could not hold our________ attention. (CET-1996,1)   A) three-hours B) three-hour C) three-hours' D) three-hour's   three-hour为复合形容词,作定语不能加's.另外,复合形容词作定语,其中名词保持单数,故A、C、D都不对。正确答案为B.三个小时的电影也能够表示为:three hours' movie .   考点8.表示时间的名词前有one,some,this,that,last,next,every,all等修饰时,前面不再用介词:   eg. 1. One day I happened to meet her on my way back from school.   2.He kept washing all day.   3.Next morning I will leave for the USA to study English.   考点9.最高级形容词前如有名词,要用所有格形式,如有数词,要用序数词形式,如:   the world's highest mountain世界最高的山   the country's largest library国家最大的图书馆   the second longest river in China中国第二长河   考点10. 表示数量的hundred,thousand,million,dozen,(打),score(二十)的用法   (1)表示确定数目时,不加s:five hundred(thousand,million)students;six dozen pens   (2)表示不确定数目时,加s而且与of连用:hundreds of students;dozens(scores)of people   (3)many, several等修饰dozen,score时,不用复数,也不用of:many/several dozen pencils,可是当名词前有限定词或事物本身为人称代词,必须加 of:   a dozen of these people/eggs; two score of such books;   two dozen of them two dozen eggs两打鸡蛋   four score and seven years ago八十七年前   dozens of students几十名学生 hundred of horses上千匹马   millions of people上千万人   He has flow two hundred miles to get here   她坐飞机飞了两百英里赶到这里。   Millions of people come to visit this city every year   每年有几百万人来这个城市参加。   12.自我检测   (1) The_____of the cottage were covered with_________.   A. roofs; leafs B.roofs;leaves C.roovws; leafs D.rooves;leaves   (2) That shop sells_______clothing.   A.child's and woman's B.children and women's C.children's and women D.children's and women's   (3) There are five_______ in our clinic.   A.woman doctor B.woman doctors C.women doctor D.women doctors   (4)——What can I do for you? ——I'd like to have a ____of China Daily.   A.piece B.sheet C.copy D.lot   (5)If these shoes are too big, ask him to bring you a small________.   A.pair B.one C.suit D.piece   (6)The advertisements in newspapers help to cut the _____of making newspapers.   A.value B.price C.cost D.pay   (7)Mr.smith had no______in finding his teacher's address.   A.difficulty B.difficulties C.troubles D.mistakes   (8)______it is to have a swim in hot summer!   A.What a fun B. What fun C.How fun D.How a fun   (9)It is bad______to speak with your mouth full.   A.way B.manner C.manners D.methods   (10)You should pay much_______to your pronunciation.   A.interest B.notice C.money D.attention Answer BDDCA CABCD 第二章 冠词   一、冠词的种类   1. 不定冠词 a/an的用法   a用于辅音音标开头的单词前(不一定是辅音字母):an用于元音音标开头的单词前(不一定是元音字母) :an old man   a friend   an American writer   a Chinese book——an English book   注意 以字母h,u,e,y开头的单词:an hour/honor/honest   a university——an umbrella-a usual/useful book   a European   a young man——a youth   泛指人、事、物的类别 A.English is a useful language.   B.A horse is a useful animal.   C.His telehpone number begins with a " 3".   泛指某人某物   There's a man waiting for you at the gate of our school.   There's a book lying on the floor.   表示every/per的含义   This kind of Santana car can run 150 kilometers an hour.   Some students of Senior Three study 12 hours a day.   用于某些固定词组中   a few; a little; a lot of;   a bit of; a couple of; a great deal of;   many a; all of a sudden; as a matter of fact;   in a word; have a word with sb. have a good time;   do sb. a favor pay a visit to; as a rule   in a day or two; in a way; make a living;   two pills at a time; take a walk/break/bath/seat;   have a cold/fever/headache/stomachache   2.定冠词the的用法   the 在辅音前发/ / 在元音前发/ /   (1)表示特指和第二次提到的人或物:   Here the books you want.   I saw a film last night. The film was wonderful.   (2)表示世界上独一无二的东西:the sun;the earth;the moon   (3)用在序数词、形容词最高级前面:the first-class; the third floor; the longest river   (4)用在江、河、湖、海、山 脉、群 岛、海 峡、海 湾、沙 漠、方 位 前 面:   the Changjiang river; the West Lake ; the Great Canal(大运河);   the Taiwan Strait; on the right/left; in the north/south   (4)与某些形 容 词 连 用表 示 一 类 人,动 词 用 复 数 形 式:   the poor/rich/old/young/sick/old/new/wounded   The young have to learn from the old.(年轻人要向老年人学习。)   The right and the wrong are the opposites.   (6)在乐器的名词前面:She likes to play the piano/violin/guitar.   (7)在某 些 表 示 时 间 的 词 组 中:   in the morning/afternoon/evening/night(but at noon/night);   in the daytime;in the 1870's/1870s   (8)用在姓氏的复数前面:The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table.   (9)在表示创造物的名词前面:   The gunpowder was invented in China 400 year age.   Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.   The teacher showed us a telescope and said it was Galileo who invented the telescope.   (10)用在表示国家和民族的形容词前面表示该国的人民:   the English/Chinese/Japanese/French   (11)用在由普通名词构成的专用名词前面:   the United States(联合国); the New York Times(纽约时报);   the People's Liberation Army(中国人民解放军)   (12)用在表示计算单位的名词前面,常含"每","每一"的意义,或相当于"按……计算":   A.These workers are paid by the hour/piece.(计时/件取酬)   B.These eggs are sold by the dozen.(这些鸡蛋是论打卖的。)   但"按重量"应说by weight   C.Meat is sold by the kilo(by weight)。   (13)方位名词前必须加the   in the east of   on the east of   to the east of/east of   在山顶 at the top of hill=on top of hill   Last year he spent hisw holiday on a farm in the country south of Boston.   二、零冠词 即不用冠词,用于不可数名词,复数可数名词和某些单数可数名词前   (1)专用名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前面一般不加冠词   Knowledge is power.   We can't live without air.   China has a large population.   (2)表示头衔、职务的名词作表语、同位语、宾语补语、主语补语时不加冠词   Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860.   Wang Ping, monitor of Class Three, won the first prize.   可是,当这些名词作主语时,要加定冠词:   The president of USA will visit America in the near future.   He was elected__/__President for the third time. That was a great victory of his party.   Elizabeth II,__/_Queen of England, declared the conference open.   (3)称呼语前面不加冠词   Where are you going, mum?   Jimmy said that / Uncle hadn't come back and _/__Auntie was out.   The general ordered his men,"Use your knife, young man!"   (4)泛指复数名词前面不加冠词
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