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有氧训练对骨骼肌生理功能的影响
【摘要】目的:研究4~6wk跑台训练对雄性SD大鼠腓肠肌肌球蛋白 (myosin heavy chain,MHC)收缩功能的影响。方法:实验以40只雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组和训练组。运动训练组大鼠进行连续4~6wk强度约为75%VO2max(~24m/min,坡度为0°,每次运动50min,每天2次)的跑台训练,反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)腓肠肌MHC mRNA含量,以免疫组化方法检测肌球蛋白肌纤维的改变情况及横截面积的大小,同时运用电刺激观察训练后腓肠肌等长收缩最大张力。结果:①连续4~6wk跑台训练后,MHCⅡx、MHCⅡb mRNA含量分别是安静对照组的109%()和108%(P0001),MHCⅡb和MHCⅠmRNA变化不明显。②训练后肌球蛋白转变为以Ⅰ型慢型纤维为主,同时肌纤维横截面积增大。③方波脉冲刺激后6wk训练组等长收缩最大张力较对照组显着增加()。结论:短期耐力训练后,MHC中的两种慢型MHC异形体-MHCⅡx、MHCⅡb基因表达增加,肌纤维横截面积增加,等长收缩最大张力增加。表明有氧训练对提高肌球蛋白收缩功能有促进作用。
【关键词】有氧运动;肌球蛋白; mRNA;横截面积
【Abstract】Objective:To investigate the effect of treadmill training on the contractile function of gastrocnemius myosin heavy chain (MHC) of SD rat. Methods: Applied 40 male SD rats as the investigated objects and randomly divided them into control group and training group (T-group). The treadmill training of T-group rats were continuously trained for 4~6 weeks at the intensity of about 75% VO2max (185~24m/min,gradient of 0°,each motion lasting 50 minutes,twice a day). Detect the content of gastrocnemius MHC mRNA by gastrocnemius reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),and detect the changes of MHC muscle fiber and its size of cross section area (CSA) through immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile,apply the electric stimulation to determine the maximal tension of isometric contraction of post-training gastrocnemius. Result:①After the continuous treadmill training for 4~6 weeks,the contents of total MHC,MHC I,MHC IIx,MHC IIa mRNAs were 105%(),105%(),109%() and 108%() of that of the resting control group,respectively,and the contents of mRNA of MHC IIb did not change significantly. The percentage of MHC I mRNA in total MHC mRNA increased while that of MHC II mRNA decreased after aerobic training.②The maximal tension of isometric contraction of the T-group with 6 weeks of training increased significantly compared with the control group by pulse stimulation of square wave(). Conclusion: The expression of genes of MHC I,MHC IIx,MHC IIa,the CSA of muscle fibers and the maximal tension of isometric contraction were all increased after the short-term endurance training. The percentage of MHC II mRNA decreased but that of MHC I mRNA increased when the training was completed. The results suggested that the aerobic exercise may promote the increase of the contractile function of MHC. And aerobic training may cause the transformation of MHC II muscle fibers to MHC I.
【Key words】Aerobic exercise;Myosin heavy chain; mRNA;Cross section area长期耐力训练能导致肌纤维及其MHC异形体由快型向慢型转变。这一点已有大量的研究采用组织化学、免疫组织化学和蛋白电泳方法在蛋白水平上进行了证实[1~3]。但对于运动训练中MHC异形体mRNA的变化,本研究采用RT-PCR、免疫组化及方波脉冲刺激等技术,观察4~6wk耐力训练对大鼠骨骼肌肌球蛋白收缩功能的影响,通过检测MHC各异形体mRNA的变化和肌纤维横截面改变,探讨运动训练影响其变化的可能因素。
1材料与方法
实验动物:雄性SD大鼠20只,体重230±16g,随机分为对照组(n=10)和训练4wk组(n=10),训练5wk组(n=10),训练6wk组(n=10)。所有动物实验前均未进行过跑台运动。
试剂:一抗为鼠源性抗骨骼肌肌动蛋白及快缩型肌球蛋白重链单克隆抗体,ABCam产品。二抗为偶合碱性磷酸酶的抗鼠 IgG,SIGMA产品。
运动方式:训练组动物每天进行两次运动训练,每次50min,跑速为/min~24m/min,坡度为0°,运动强度为70%~75%VO2max。持续训练4~6wk。
半定量RT-PCR检测腓肠肌MHC和α-actin表达水平。
肌纤维横截面积计算与统计分析。
离体腓肠肌最大等长收缩张力的测量。
2结果
有氧训练对腓肠肌MHC表达的影响:经过4周耐力训练,训练组肌球蛋白总MHC表达是对照组的105% 。MHCⅡa和MHCⅡx mRNA表达较对照组显着增加 。训练前后各MHC亚型在总MHC中的比例分另Ⅱ是253% vs 254%、% vs % 和% %。
训练组大鼠肌纤维横截面积的变化:图2-1中被染成棕黑色的纤维为MHCⅡ型纤维,未着色者为MHCⅠ型肌纤维。在训练组大鼠中,随着时间的延长,快缩和慢缩纤维的横截面积均逐渐增大。在对照组中,快缩和慢缩纤维的横截面积均无多大变化。
图2-1大鼠腓肠肌肌纤维免疫组化染色典型照片
A、C、E:4wk、5wk、6wk训练组MHC Ⅰ、Ⅱ横截面积变化;B、D、F:4wk、5wk、6wk对照组MHC Ⅰ、Ⅱ横截面积变化腓肠肌等长收缩最大张力的变化:如图2-2有氧运动组大鼠腓肠肌的等长收缩最大张力经过4wk、5wk训练后与对照组无明显差异,但6wk训练组等长收缩最大张力较对照组显着增加()。
图2-2有氧运动组与对照组大鼠腓肠肌
的等长收缩最大张力的动态变化3讨论
本实验发现,2周跑台训练后,大鼠股四头肌深层肌α-actin mRNA表达和肌球蛋白总MHC mRNA 表达均增加,各MHC异形体mRNA变化却不一致,MHCⅡa和MHCⅡx mRNA表达上升,MHCⅠ和MHCⅡb mRNA变化不明显。考虑到采用的实验方法中mRNA的量是以单位总RNA的含量计算的,而总RNA上升,所以α-actin mRNA的绝对量可能是增加的。Paul RM等对每天100min的2wk跑台运动后大鼠骨骼肌α-actin mRNA含量变化进行的测定显示,快肌α-actin mRNA含量增加了61%。与Paul之结果相比,本实验中α-actin mRNA仅增加了22%。
在本研究中MHCⅡb mRNA下降不明显,原因可能是,与其他的MHC异形体相比,其需要不同的转录因子、更高的机械刺激阈和更长的训练持续时间。耐力训练可以从转录水平上增加肌纤维收缩蛋白肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白重链的基因表达,而肌球蛋白重链表达的增加主要表现为MHCⅡa和MHCⅡx mRNA的含量增多。但对于运动训练影响其变化的具体因素还需进一步研究。
训练后肌肉体积增大取决于下列因素:①每根肌纤维中的肌原纤维数量增加;②肌纤维中毛细血管的密度增加;③肌肉中蛋白含量增加;④肌纤维数量增加。肌肉横截面每增加1cm2,可提高力量6~12kg。肌肉的生理横断面为该肌所有肌纤维横截面的总和。肌纤维增粗表明肌纤维中的能源物质三磷酸腺苷和磷酸肌酸增加,肌结缔组织增厚,肌糖元含量增多,毛细血管开放密度加大,肌凝蛋白含量增多,从而提高了肌纤维的质量,大大提高了每根肌纤维的负力进而决定了最大力量的提高。在本实验中,经过4~6周有氧训练后,大鼠腓肠肌主要以Ⅰ型肌纤维为主,且肌肉横截面积较对照组来说有所增加,表明经过连续有氧训练后能明显提高大鼠肌纤维的质量。
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