旅游管理学复习资料.pdf

Delegates,staff:Hello!in the run-up to the Spring Festival,we held one session of four staff representatives Conference 2013-workshop,full back in 2012,careful analysis of the current situation,discuss 2013 development plans.Here,on behalf of my company 2013 work reports to the General Assembly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back in 2012,XX power companies adhere to the partys 17 great spirit for guidance,comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development,promoting cost-leadership strategy,standards,focus on implementation,lean management,continuously improve,smooth present safety situation of enterprise management,business management and control scientific and standardized,and the dedication of staff,manage a harmonious and democratic atmosphere of the good situation.Main indicators are as follows:-the battery indicator:power generation totaled 7.815 billion kWh,beyond the annual budget implementation capacity of 315 million kWh,an increase of 757 million kWh.Sales totaled 7.425 billion kWh,exceeding sales of 330 million kWh the annual Executive budget,an increase of 729 million kWh.-Security measures:unplanned outages 2.5 times.No personal injury accident occurred,no major accident and above,no major fire accidents without environmental pollution accidents,safety for three consecutive years to maintain stability to good posture.Business financial indicators:total profits of 255 million Yuan,beyond the annual budget of 207 million Yuan,beyond the Datang company index 41.89 million Yuan,an increase of 1.76 million Yuan,FCM assessment at grade four.-Energy:power supply standard coal completing 312.25 g/kWh,down 0.1 g/kWh;integrated auxiliary power consumption ratio in 5.12%,down 0.26%;pollutant emissions performance greatly reduced compared to last year,carbon 0.09 g/kWh,sulfur dioxide 0.104 g/kWh NOx 0.512 g/kWh;dust removal efficiency of more than 99.8%.-Reliability index:equivalent availability factor in 93.47%,increased 7.95%from a year earlier.Equivalent forced outage rate 0.08%,0.16%reduction over the same period a year earlier.Major achievements:first,we should adhere to the two management system basis,strengthening technological research,strengthen hidden hazards control and intrinsic safety Enterprise construction took new steps.-The two management system for improvement.Focus on promoting the power of the company management system and the application and implementation of the safety loop five-star management system,improve the safety management system,realize the system of safety control.Further regulate security routines,safety supervision and management network role to play to achieve closed-loop.Strengthening the supervision and management of habitual violation of,strengthening the safety supervision of outsourcing contractors.Carried out in spring and autumn of security inspections,flood control and inspection,safety production month,day supervision of production safety and the Olympic Games and otheractivities,comprehensive and tamping Safety Foundation.Troubleshooting,management mechanism,give full play to role of technical supervision and realization of troubleshooting,management,improved process management.This year completed the boiler lower header leakage,boiler pressure,a major risk management,completed 29 of great risks and 3 General problems of governance.Complete chemistry lab construction,thermal control,and complete the boiler scale integrated management,host shafting vibration of 10 scientific and technological projects,such as.Complete supercritical 630MW on-line simulation system development and application of circulating water MCC standby power transformation,the transformation of desulfurization waste water,the unit water supply system of comprehensive treatment and discharge valve modification of coal mill 5 key technological transformation projects,group health is improved.-Science and technology innovation is further increased.Strengthen the characteristics of supercritical unit major issues,gradually clearing the particularity of supercritical unit and regularity.Developed motor oil time management,switch action times,statistics,coal-aided measurement software,improves the production level of lean management.Increased investment in science and technology,reporting science and technology projects and 14 technical project total cost percentage of the total annual production output of 0.25%.Large-scale coal-fired power plant flue gas desulfurization,denitrification complete development and application of key technologies project,won the national science and technology progress second prize.630MW supercritical units optimized control strategies and the 630MW development and application of on-line simulation system for supercritical units,supercritical 600MW units of turbine driven boiler feed pump set of comprehensive treatment of defects Datang technology respectively one or two and third.Meanwhile,information technology achievements,the company was named China power information technology benchmarking enterprises.-Repair and maintenance has improved further.Modify the inspection standards and standards on a regular basis,standardizing work procedures,checking and inspection project.Deepening the BFS+system,and implements maintenance information shared.Reorganizing RB logic again,and ensure the success of the RB.Innovating the mechanism of maintenance management,implemented a project manager system.Successful completion of two autonomous maintenance,reliability improved steadily.Implementing two c-level maintenance,project themselves 48.7%and 42.3%,respectively.Accomplish two circulating pumps repair and overhaul of four Mills,maintenance teams to get exercise.Promote the work of energy saving and consumption reducing,complete the unit energy consumption diagnosis,plant water balance test,10 energy-saving projects.Second,we should adhere to three on the economic benefits of improving,outreach第一章 绪论第一节 旅游发展的历史沿革一、19 世纪以前的旅行活动（一）原始社会前期：当时人类迁徙活动的被迫性和求生性都说明这类活动根本不属于现今意义上的旅行和旅游。新石器时代晚期：人类社会最早的、有意识的或自愿的外出旅行活动。在最初的年代中，主要是商人开创了旅行的通路。（二）奴隶社会古罗马帝国：西方最具代表性的典型商代是中国奴隶社会的鼎盛时期。（三）封建社会19 世纪以前旅行活动发展的特点 局限性：环境依赖性商业旅行主导规模小非民众性（阶层局限性）自我服务行多游少 二、19 世纪以后的旅游活动（一）近代旅游发展的背景产业革命加速了城市化进程改变了人们的工作性质带来了阶级关系的新变化科技的进步旅游业的开端英国人 托马斯库克1841 年 7 月 5 日近代旅游的开端1845 年近代旅游业的开端中国的近代旅游业始自 1923 年 8月，上海商业储蓄银行总经理陈光甫在银行内部设立旅行部。1927 年 6 月成立中国第一家旅行社中国旅行社。（二）现代旅游1.现代旅游迅速发展的原因相对持续的和平环境人口增加世界经济迅速增长，经济往来更加频繁城市化进程加快教育事业发展各国政府的支持现代科技革命的成功生产力、生产效率的提高国民收入增加闲暇时间增多交通工具与旅游设施现代化信息交流手段现代化2.现代旅游的特点 大众性（普及性）多样性发展的持续性3.当今旅游业发展现状2009 年，国务院发布了关于加快发展旅游业的意见（国发 2009 41 号），明确指出，要“把旅游业培育成国民经济的战略性支柱产业和人民群众更加满意的现代服务业。”今后一个时期我国“入境旅游、出境旅游、国内旅游”三大市场的开发战略调整为：“大力发展入境旅游，规范发展出境旅游，全面提升国内旅游”。第二节 旅游的基本概念一、旅游的词义旅即旅行，游即游览，旅行是游览的前提和手段，游览是旅行的目的和主要内容。二、旅游的科学定义“艾斯特”定义 汉泽克尔和克拉普夫:“旅游是非定居者的旅行和暂时居留而引起的现象和关系的总和。这些人不会导致长期定居，并且不从事任何赚钱的活动。”Delegates,staff:Hello!in the run-up to the Spring Festival,we held one session of four staff representatives Conference 2013-workshop,full back in 2012,careful analysis of the current situation,discuss 2013 development plans.Here,on behalf of my company 2013 work reports to the General Assembly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back in 2012,XX power companies adhere to the partys 17 great spirit for guidance,comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development,promoting cost-leadership strategy,standards,focus on implementation,lean management,continuously improve,smooth present safety situation of enterprise management,business management and control scientific and standardized,and the dedication of staff,manage a harmonious and democratic atmosphere of the good situation.Main indicators are as follows:-the battery indicator:power generation totaled 7.815 billion kWh,beyond the annual budget implementation capacity of 315 million kWh,an increase of 757 million kWh.Sales totaled 7.425 billion kWh,exceeding sales of 330 million kWh the annual Executive budget,an increase of 729 million kWh.-Security measures:unplanned outages 2.5 times.No personal injury accident occurred,no major accident and above,no major fire accidents without environmental pollution accidents,safety for three consecutive years to maintain stability to good posture.Business financial indicators:total profits of 255 million Yuan,beyond the annual budget of 207 million Yuan,beyond the Datang company index 41.89 million Yuan,an increase of 1.76 million Yuan,FCM assessment at grade four.-Energy:power supply standard coal completing 312.25 g/kWh,down 0.1 g/kWh;integrated auxiliary power consumption ratio in 5.12%,down 0.26%;pollutant emissions performance greatly reduced compared to last year,carbon 0.09 g/kWh,sulfur dioxide 0.104 g/kWh NOx 0.512 g/kWh;dust removal efficiency of more than 99.8%.-Reliability index:equivalent availability factor in 93.47%,increased 7.95%from a year earlier.Equivalent forced outage rate 0.08%,0.16%reduction over the same period a year earlier.Major achievements:first,we should adhere to the two management system basis,strengthening technological research,strengthen hidden hazards control and intrinsic safety Enterprise construction took new steps.-The two management system for improvement.Focus on promoting the power of the company management system and the application and implementation of the safety loop five-star management system,improve the safety management system,realize the system of safety control.Further regulate security routines,safety supervision and management network role to play to achieve closed-loop.Strengthening the supervision and management of habitual violation of,strengthening the safety supervision of outsourcing contractors.Carried out in spring and autumn of security inspections,flood control and inspection,safety production month,day supervision of production safety and the Olympic Games and otheractivities,comprehensive and tamping Safety Foundation.Troubleshooting,management mechanism,give full play to role of technical supervision and realization of troubleshooting,management,improved process management.This year completed the boiler lower header leakage,boiler pressure,a major risk management,completed 29 of great risks and 3 General problems of governance.Complete chemistry lab construction,thermal control,and complete the boiler scale integrated management,host shafting vibration of 10 scientific and technological projects,such as.Complete supercritical 630MW on-line simulation system development and application of circulating water MCC standby power transformation,the transformation of desulfurization waste water,the unit water supply system of comprehensive treatment and discharge valve modification of coal mill 5 key technological transformation projects,group health is improved.-Science and technology innovation is further increased.Strengthen the characteristics of supercritical unit major issues,gradually clearing the particularity of supercritical unit and regularity.Developed motor oil time management,switch action times,statistics,coal-aided measurement software,improves the production level of lean management.Increased investment in science and technology,reporting science and technology projects and 14 technical project total cost percentage of the total annual production output of 0.25%.Large-scale coal-fired power plant flue gas desulfurization,denitrification complete development and application of key technologies project,won the national science and technology progress second prize.630MW supercritical units optimized control strategies and the 630MW development and application of on-line simulation system for supercritical units,supercritical 600MW units of turbine driven boiler feed pump set of comprehensive treatment of defects Datang technology respectively one or two and third.Meanwhile,information technology achievements,the company was named China power information technology benchmarking enterprises.-Repair and maintenance has improved further.Modify the inspection standards and standards on a regular basis,standardizing work procedures,checking and inspection project.Deepening the BFS+system,and implements maintenance information shared.Reorganizing RB logic again,and ensure the success of the RB.Innovating the mechanism of maintenance management,implemented a project manager system.Successful completion of two autonomous maintenance,reliability improved steadily.Implementing two c-level maintenance,project themselves 48.7%and 42.3%,respectively.Accomplish two circulating pumps repair and overhaul of four Mills,maintenance teams to get exercise.Promote the work of energy saving and consumption reducing,complete the unit energy consumption diagnosis,plant water balance test,10 energy-saving projects.Second,we should adhere to three on the economic benefits of improving,outreach三、旅游活动的特征和要素构成1.旅游活动的基本特征审美性异地性暂时性综合性2.旅游活动的要素构成 从旅游活动的开展所涉及的内容分：食、住、行、游、购、娱从旅游活动得以开展的基本要素或旅游活动的体系构成分：主体：旅游行为的施动者旅游者客体：旅游活动的对象旅游资源中介体：旅游业四、旅游活动的类型 1.以地理范围为标准划分国内旅游活动和国际旅游活动的区别：从活动开展的地理范围上看，区别在于旅游活动是否跨越国界。从便利程度上看，国内旅游活动一般不存在语言和文化方面的障碍，并且通常不需要办理准入手续，国际旅游则不然。从直接的经济影响来看，国内旅游消费的发生只是促使国内财富在本国不同地区间的重新分配，而国际旅游消费的发生则会造成国家间的财富转移。国内旅游是国际旅游的先导，国际旅游是国内旅游的必然，一般国家的旅游业是按先国内旅游后国际旅游的顺序发展的。2.以旅行距离为标准划分人类的活动规律总是由近及远，所以近程旅游活动总是率先发展，因为：近程旅游活动旅行费用较小，因而有支付能力者相对较多。客源地与目的地的文化传统和生活习惯比较接近，并且很少存在语言障碍。两地之间在交通方面相对便利。在出游时间方面易于灵活掌握。3.以组织形式为标准划分团体旅游：通常是指有组织的集体出游活动。按照国际惯例，所谓团体，是指人数至少为 15 人的旅行团。我国一般指 10 人以上。对于旅游经营者来说，团体包价旅游的最大优点是有利于组织旅游产品的批量生产，从而降低单位产品的生产成本。对旅游者来说，优点是方便易行、安全可靠、价格便宜。缺点是不够自由灵活。散客旅游：是指相对于团体旅游而言的个人独自旅游和同行人数较少的自行结伴旅游。散客旅游消费一般为零星现付，但也可能会借助于旅行社的帮助，一次性支付。国际惯例为 14 人以下，我国为 9 人以下。散客旅游的最大优点是自主性强，但价格较高。4.以旅游目的为标准划分消遣性旅游观光旅游：世界上最为普遍的旅游活动类型。特点是参与性差、比较被动，重游率低。观光旅游是最低层次的旅游活动。度假旅游特点：一地停留，停留时间较长；消费水平较高；活动方式随意；活动内容自由。文化旅游 特点是知识性和参与性较强。宗教旅游Delegates,staff:Hello!in the run-up to the Spring Festival,we held one session of four staff representatives Conference 2013-workshop,full back in 2012,careful analysis of the current situation,discuss 2013 development plans.Here,on behalf of my company 2013 work reports to the General Assembly,for consideration.Pillar I,2012 back in 2012,XX power companies adhere to the partys 17 great spirit for guidance,comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development,promoting cost-leadership strategy,standards,focus on implementation,lean management,continuously improve,smooth present safety situation of enterprise management,business management and control scientific and standardized,and the dedication of staff,manage a harmonious and democratic atmosphere of the good situation.Main indicators are as follows:-the battery indicator:power generation totaled 7.815 billion kWh,beyond the annual budget implementation capacity of 315 million kWh,an increase of 757 million kWh.Sales totaled 7.425 billion kWh,exceeding sales of 330 million kWh the annual Executive budget,an increase of 729 million kWh.-Security measures:unplanned outages 2.5 times.No personal injury accident occurred,no major accident and above,no major fire accidents without environmental pollution accidents,safety for three consecutive