(2014-2018)高考英语试题分项版解析 专题21 语法填空(含解析).pdf

夜来风雨声专题专题 2121 语法填空语法填空2018 年高考题【2018全国 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years _61_(long)than non-runners.You dont have to run fast or for long_62_(see)the benefit.You may drink,smoke,be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_(die)early by running.While runningregularly cannt make you live forever,the review says it _64_(be)more effective atlengthening life_65_ walking,cycling or swimming.Two of the authors of the review also madea study published in 2014_66_showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced therisk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherw ise its probably running.To avoid knee pain,you can run on soft surfaces,do exercises to_68_(strength)your legmuscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.Running is cheap,easy and itsalways_69_(energy).If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the samebenefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give_70_a try.【答案】61.longer62.to see 63.dying64.is 65.than66.that which67.causes 68.strength69.energetic70.it running【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿。63.考查动名词。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处of 是介词，其后用动名词。故填 dying。1夜来风雨声64.考查动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。65.考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的more effective可知此处填 than。66.考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that 或 which。点睛：本文比较难的一个题是10 题。短语 give it a try不容易想出来。give a try试试。Give sb sth；give sth to sb 这些短语学生都很清楚。但give 后加 it 或 sth 的形式，比较少见。高考复习要尽可能多的复习相关的短语，尤其是用的比较多，而课本中出现较少的短语。【2018全国 II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop.Since 2011,the country _61_（grow）more corn than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_(actual)behind the change:An important part of its corn isused to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.Another reason for corns rise:The government encouragesfarmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_(improve)water quality.Corn uses less water _65_rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥)runoff.This switch has decreased _66_(pollute)inthe countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_(globe)fertilizer consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005whenthe government _68_(start)a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizerrecommendations to farmers-and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.That preventedthe emission(排放)of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.Chinas approach to protecting itsenvironment while _70_(feed)its citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and foodpolicymakers worldwide.says the banks Juergen Voegele.2夜来风雨声【答案】61.has grown62.the 63.actually64.to improve65.than 66.pollution67.global 68.started69.that/which70.feeding【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名认识的认可。63.考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填 actually。64.考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是 encourages，故 improve 应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。65.考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词less 可知，填比较连词。故填than。66.考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填 pollution。67.考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填global。68.考查谓语动词。句意：在2005 年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是when 引导的定语从句，由于时间是 2005 年，故用过去时。故填started。69.考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives 可知，该空缺少主语，指代program 并且引导后面的句子。指物用 that/which，故填 that 或者 which。70.考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while 后面省略掉了 China is，省略句的原则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有be动词时，那么可以把主语和be 动词一块省略。故填 feeding。3夜来风雨声点睛：学会分析句子成分。The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when thegovernment started a soil-testing program which/that gives specific fertilizer recommendationsto farmers-and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.这句话中有两个定语从句。一个是关系副词 when 引导的定语从句，先行词是2005，the government 是主语，a soil-testing program是宾语，故此空缺少谓语动词，我们可以看出时态是一般过去时。另一个是关系代词指代program 引导的定语从句，先行词是program，gives 是第三人称谓语动词，可以看出是考查关系词。代指物并作主语，关系词要用 that/which。【2018全国 III】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Im not sure _61_ is more frightened,me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenlyappears out of nowhere.Im walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at _62_ top of herlungs.That makes her baby scream,and then a 400-pound male appears.He screams the_63_(loud)of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges towardme.I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid _64_(look)directly into his eyes sohe doesnt feel_65_(challenge).My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a _66_(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.I was searching _67_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.No one had seenthem for hours,and my colleagues and I were worried.When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find _68_(they)alive.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature,the huge animal _69_(mean)me noreal harm.He wasjust saying:Im king of this forest,and here is your reminder!Once his message was delivered,he allowed me _70_(stay)and watch.【答案】61.which62.the 63.loudest64.looking65.challenged66.scientist67.for 68.them69.meant 70.to stay【解析】本文为记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在中非偶遇大猩猩，彼此惊恐的经历。4夜来风雨声64.考查动词。动词 avoid 后要加 doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。65.考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战性。feel 为系动词，表示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。66.考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist 科学家。【点睛】此题考查固定搭配较多，其中第 2,4,7，10 都为固定搭配，对于这类题目我们需要熟练掌握动词的固定搭配以及介词短语。而此题的第一题则考查从句，对于从句我们可以通过分析句子成分确定连接词的选择。如本题为宾语从句，宾语从句中缺主语，所以应该从连接代词who，whom，what，which，whose，再根据指人做主语可判断用which。【2018浙江】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese _56_(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.Many westerners _57_ come to China cook much less thanin their own countries once they realize how cheap _58_ can be to eat out.I still remember_59_(visit)a friend whod lived here for five years and I_60_(shock)when I learntshe hadnt cooked once in all that time.While regularly eating out seems to _61_(become)common for many young people in recentyears,its not without a cost.The obvious one is money;eating out once or twice a week maybe _62_(afford)but doing this most days adds up.There could be an even _63_(high)coston your health.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in foodeaten outside the home and the rise in _64_(weigh)problems.If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go to your5夜来风雨声mums home _65_ dinner,get a few cooking tips from her.Cooking food can be fun.You mightalso begin to notice the effects not only on your health but in your pocket.【答案】56.dishes57.who/that58.it 59.visiting60.was shocked61.have become62.affordable63.higher 64.weight65.for【解析】作者描述了人们喜欢在外面吃饭的现象，分析了其对身体和花费的不良影响，建议我们在家做饭。56.考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。57.考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners 指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词 who/that 引导，故填 who/that。60.考查形容词。此处表示我感到很震惊。shock 的主语是 I,用形容词和系动词组成系表结构，表示过去发生的事，系动词用过去式。故填was shocked。61.考查动词时态。根据时间状语in recent years可知用现在完成时，seems to后用动词原形，故填 have become。62.考查形容词。此处表示一周一两次外出吃饭是负担得起的，系动词be 后用形容词作表语，表示“负担得起的”故填 affordable。63.考查形容词比较级。此处修饰名词cost 用形容词，由 even 表示程度修饰比较级，故填higher。64.考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填 weight。65.考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示目的用介词for，故填 for。2017 年高考题语法填空6夜来风雨声2017全国卷阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and lesssalt.This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)61._ a method offighting heart disease,has had some unintended side 62._(effect)such as overweight andheart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 63._(process)thefood that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat andsalt 64._(remove)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.As65._ result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even66._(bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 67._ (be)full of fat and salt;by 68._(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat thanthey need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between mealsand will improve the taste of your food.However,be 69._(care)not to go to extremes.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,70._ is not good for the health.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会受到损害。61.as考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as 表示“作为”，故填as。62.effects考查名词复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些意料之外的副作用”，根据前文的some可知副作用有很多，故填effects。66.worse考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。67.is考查主谓一致。fast food 的意思是“快餐”，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填 is。7夜来风雨声68.eating考查动名词。根据前文中的by 可知此处应该填 eat 的动名词形式。故填 eating。69.careful考查形容词。分析语境可知be 后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。70.which考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知 which is not good for the health 为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的to have too much of both，即“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”。故填which。【名师点睛】语法填空题的考查形式为：在一篇200 词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10 处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于 3 个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、单词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。具体考查形式有以下几种：一、给出动词基本形态，填写词性词形转化(转为名词、形容词)，或填写谓语部分，可能需要填写两个或三个词，或是填写非谓语动词；二、给出形容词，需要填写比较级、最高级，或词性词形转化，转化为副词，或是填写反义词(前缀)；三、给出副词，填写比较级、最高级，或是填写反义词；四、不给提示词，主要填写介词、连词、冠词和代词。有提示词：考查谓语动词，非谓语动词，形容词，副词例如第 62 题 has had some unintended side 62 (effect)such as overweight and heartdisease，给出了提示词effect。考生可以从词性变化和单复数两方面考虑，effect可变为形容词effective，变为副词 effectively，分析语境可知划线处应该填名词，不需要做词性上的变化。所以考生可以从单复数方面考虑，根据划线处前的some 可知应该填名词的复数形式。所以考生可以确定正确答案为effects。无提示词：考查冠词，介词，连词，代词例如第 70 题 it is possible to have too much of both,70 is not good for the health.结合语境可知作者要表达“很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处”的意思。分析可知 which is notgood for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的have too much of both“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”，所以填 which。2017全国卷阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for justunder seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._(crowd)on the roads aboveas they travelled to and 62._ work.It took three years to complete and was built usingan interesting method.This included digging up the road,63._(lay)the track and then8夜来风雨声building a strong roof over 64._ top.When all those had been done,the road surface wasreplaced.Steam engines 65._(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._(fair)unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.However,the railway quickly provedto be a great success and within six months,more than 25，000 people were using 67._ everyday.Later,engineers 68._(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the 69._(introduce)of electricpoweredengines and lifts.The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._(success)of these new lines,and was opened in 1900.It had whitepainted tunnels and brightred carriages,and proved extremely popular with the public.文章大意 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了地铁的最初发展史。61.crowds考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用 crowds 这一复数形式，表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。62.from考查介词。与前面的介词to 一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。63.laying考查非谓语动词。此处用lay 的动名词形式 laying 与前面的 digging 形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明 lielying/lay/lain 和 laylaying/laid/laid 等特殊词形变化会导致错误。64.the考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。70.successful考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词of 结构，故只能用形容词。【名师点睛】在语法填空中，我们要特别注意词性转换题。如本文的【小题69】，横线前是冠词 the，所以横线上要使用名词 introduction。【小题 66】，在英语中，副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词fairly 作状语修饰形容词 pleasant。9夜来风雨声词类转换题要先确定所要填的单词在句中的成分。技巧 1：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。技巧 2：作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。技巧 3：修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。技巧 4：括号中所给词为动词时，也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词，有可能考词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较级或最高级。技巧 5：词义转换题。词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加 un-,im-，il-,ir-，in-,non-,dis-等，在词根后加-less 等。考点：考查语法填空2017全国卷阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。She looks like any other schoolgirl,freshfaced and full of life.Sarah Thomas is looking forwardto the challenge of her new Alevel course.But unlike her sc hool friends,16yearold Sarah isnot spending halfterm 61._(rest).Instead,she is earning 6，500 a day as 62._model in New York.Sarah 63._(tell)that she could be Britains new supermodel,earning a million dollarsin the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give up school to model fulltime.But Sarah,64._ has taken part in shows along with top models,wants 65._(prove)that shehas brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry on with her 66._ (educate)She has turned down several 67._(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrateon her studies.After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going touniversity to get a degree 68._ engineering or architecture.Sarah says,“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment,school 69._(come)first.I dont want to get too absorbed in modelling.It is 70._(certain)fun butthe lifestyle is a little unreal.I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cantmodel any more.”【文章大意】文章介绍了纽约市 16 岁的高中女孩萨拉，她不仅学习成绩好，长得漂亮，而且是一名收入不菲的时装模特。她爸爸希望她退学专门从事模特行业，但是她以学业为重，坚持学业和工作两不误。61.resting考查非谓语动词。spend(in)doing sth是固定句式，意为“花做某事”。62.a考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知，萨拉只是纽约众多模特中的一个，是泛指；而且model 的第一个10夜来风雨声音素是辅音音素，故用不定冠词a。65.to prove考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。66.education考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。67.invitations考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且 invitation是可数名词，前面有 several 修饰，故用复数形式。68.in考查介词。get a degree in 是固定搭配，意为“在方面获得学位”。es考查动词的时态。根据 at the moment可知这个句子应用一般现在时，而且主语是单数，故用comes。70.certainly考查副词。certainly 在此处修饰形容词 fun。【名师点睛】语法填空要求考生阅读一篇短文，然后按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求完成10 道语法填空题。做题要求：一是在空格处填入适当的词；二是使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。纯空格题一般要填冠词、介词、连词、代词等，如果是物主代词，则空后需跟名词，比如66 题。而有提示词的需要根据语境，分析句子结构，判断所填词的词性，再确定所填词的形式。例如67 题，several 是修饰复数名词的词，所以判断后面用名词的复数形式。2017浙江卷 6 月考阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Last October,while tending her garden in Mora,Sweden,Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handfulof small 56._(carrot)and was about to throw them away.But something made her look closer,and she noticed a 57._(shine)object.Yes,there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrotwas her longlost wedding ring.Pahlsson screamed 58._ loudly that her daughter came running from the h ouse.“Shethought I had hurt 59._(I)，”says Pahlsson.Sixteen years 60._(early),Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61._ (cook)a meal.When she wanted to put the ring back on later,it was gone.She suspected that one ofher three daughters then ten,eight,and six had picked it up,but the girls said they hadnt.Pahlsson and her husband 62._(search)the kitchen,checking every corner,but turned up11夜来风雨声nothing.“I gave up hope of finding my ring again，”she says.She never replaced it.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63._(sweep)into a pile ofkitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,64._ it remaineduntil the carrots leafytop accidenta